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Cambridge grammar of English
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them as demonstrative determiner
and pronoun 119b what as relative pronoun 119b zero plural for nouns of measurement 119b incomplete structures 83 interpersonal communication 91 checks of understanding 91 deictic expressions 91 discourse markers 91 indirect language 91 intimacy and distance 104 polite forms 91 situational ellipsis 91 vague language 91 pauses, filled/unfilled 89a position of items 88 real-time communication clause combination 87a repeating and recasting 89b simple phrasal structures 86b unplanned speech 86a recasting 89b reference incomprehensible to outsiders 83 repeating 89b representation of in writing 120 structures difficult to label 83 tone units 83 turn-taking 83, 87b words, uncertain status of 83 written language, bias towards 82, 84 spot 287e stammer 500c stance markers 111, 147a, 274e, 539 Cambridge Grammar of English Index | 967 stand 285f, 287h, 288e standard varieties of English 2a, 84 start 285i state 285b, 286c, 422, 499 state verbs see copular verbs statement 497 stative verbs 481, 539 stay 288d, 288e stem 539
still 136f in front-position 72d for lack of movement 72c for something continuing in time 72a for something true in spite of other things 72b and yet, already 72a, 81d, 466b
sub-classes 539 subject to 286e subjects 276a, 539 clause elements 269, 274c, 275, 276a dummy subjects 276b, 405a, 539 obligatory 276a and predicate 276a subject complements 279b, 279c subject pronouns, form of 276a subject-verb concord 276a, 276c subjunctive forms 345, 539 conditional clauses 159e, 458 form of 229 indirect object with that-clause 286c negative 435e in reported clauses 374 with should 289a subordination 131, 306, 310, 311, 312 main and subordinate clauses 270, 290, 295, 296, 296a, 506d subordinators 166, 306, 311, 312, 359c, 359d, 454, 456, 539
anaphoric/cataphoric 130a and ellipsis 131 for nouns 132 none, enough for noun phrases 132c one and some/ones for count nouns 132a
some for non-count nouns 132a substitution: for nouns – cont. that of/those of in formal contexts 132b that/those in formal contexts 132b substitute forms 130b complement phrases the same,
indefinite quantifying pronouns 130b so 130b, 134 such (anaphoric) 187, 189g, 192 such as 252 such (exclamative) 294 such that 312 suffixes 539 adjectives 236b inflectional 259 negative 434, 440 spelling 508a–g word formation 155, 156a, 158a, 262, 263, 268
suggest 159e, 285b, 285f, 286c, 289a, 390b, 422, 499
suggestion 497 super- 261 superlatives see comparison suppletion 539
mental process verbs supposed to 52d, 404f supposing that 312, 314d surely 112, 146c surprisingly 111 suspect 285b suspect of 286e swear 285b swearing 114, 539 taboo expressions 114a, 114b taboo intensifiers 114c syntax 1a, 539 T taboo language see swearing
tags 290 copy tags 302, 533, 539 directive tags 299, 301 exclamation tags 299, 302 in informal writing 121c in AmE 533 statement tags 299
question tags tails 2h, 539 clause structure 97a, 97c 968 | Index Cambridge Grammar of English tails – cont. informal writing 121c AmE 533 reflexive pronouns as 202 types of 97b
and bring 29a talking about 106b taste 279b, 288a, 288c, 350 see also copular verbs teach 286a, 286b, 286c, 286d, 286e, 286f tele- 261 tell 285c, 285d, 286a, 286b, 286c, 286d, 286e, 286f, 360e and say 489a
text 539
textual ellipsis 94a, 129 than and as 19a in comparisons 466a, 471a, 471g
possessive pronouns them 198a theme 539 themselves 202 then 73, 136c, 136e, 136g, 136h, 136i, 336c then again 136d there existential 94h, 148b, 210, 482d, 539 there again 108b see also here/there there is/there are 45a, 300e there you go 106c therefore 136c, 136h, 152, 335a these see this/that/these/those they 60b, 198a thing/stuff stuff 74b thing 74a think 134, 285b, 285c, 285d, 287a, 287b, 287c, 343, 350, 390b, 405a, 437, 482b see also mental process verbs this see this/that/these/those this morning/week/etc. 351a this/that/these/those 45, 187, 189b, 190a, 192
contrasts of number 196f conveying distance 196f and deixis 93a, 93b demonstrative adjectives 187, 190a, 192 demonstrative pronouns 94g, 119b, 206
segments 196g those 189f use in narratives 196f those see this/that/these/those though see although/though threaten 499 through 235b, 253b throughout see during throw 286a, 286b, 286e thus 136c, 136h, 152, 473c till 311 time reference 221, 222, 526, 526a tip 287c titles 506b to 164, 235b, 235f to begin with/to start with 136i to cap it all 136b to conclude 136h to crown it all 136b to date 351a to put it another way 109b, 136j to put it bluntly/mildly 109a to sum up 108b, 136h to summarise 136h to tell you the truth 111 today 351a together 235b tone units 539 too see also/as well (as)/too top see above topic 539 totally 238d, 245b towards 154a trans- 261 transitive complementation 539 transitive verbs 539
Cambridge Grammar of English Index | 969
true enough 95 try 285h, 285i turn 235a, 279b, 287a turn out 288a turn-taking 3f, 272a, 272b, 317a two, three 190a two-step questions and responses 101 -type 262
U
un- 158b, 160a, 261, 434, 440 uncountable nouns 539 undeniably 146e under- 158b, 261 under no circumstances 336a understand 285b, 287c, 350, 360e understandably 111 under/underneath 25a, 253b see also below undoubtedly 111 unfortunately 111 unless 311, 313, 314d, 374, 448 unquestionably 146e until 166, 253a, 311, 359a, 359c, 374 up 235b, 253b up- 261 up to/till/until now 252, 351a urge 286f us 198a used to 347d and be used to 400 emphatic 400 interrogative 400 negative 400 in tags 400 and would, for habitual actions and events in the past 402 see also semi-modal verbs usually 146c, 328 utterances 92, 272, 272a, 272b, 539 utterly 238d, 245b V vague language 92, 103a, 539 adverbs and prepositions 103b approximately 103b clusters of 103b exaggeration 103b vague language – cont. odd 103b or between numerals 103b in the region of 103b so/or thereabouts/or something 103b suffix -ish 103b varieties of English 2a, 84
North American English verb complementation 277 complementation patterns 159a, 274c complex transitive 284 direct object + -ed clause 287g direct object + infinitive clause without to 287d direct object + -ing clause 287e direct object + object complement (adjective) 287a direct object + object complement (noun) 287b direct object + prepositional complement of time or place (locative) 287h direct object + to-infinitive clause 287c
verbs of perception with -ing or infinitive without to 287f consider, deem, feel, with pronoun it 289b
copular 161b, 227, 239a, 247, 279b, 284 adjective phrase complements 288b adverb phrase complements 288d copular verbs 282c, 288a noun phrase complements 288c prepositional phrase complements 288d ditransitive 284, 286 direct object + prepositional phrase (oblique complement) 286e direct object + to-infinitive clause 286f indirect + direct object construction 286a indirect object + that-clause as direct object 286c indirect object + wh-clause as direct object 286d indirect objects, and passive voice 286b intransitive 282a, 283 pseudo-intransitive constructions 283a
reciprocal verbs 283b reflexive construction 283b monotransitive 284 active/passive voice 285a 970 | Index Cambridge Grammar of English verb complementation: monotransitive – cont. hate, like, love, prefer + -ing or to-infinitive 285g infinitive clause without new subject 285i -ing clause with new subject 285k non-finite clause with or without new subject 285e that-clause as direct object 285b to-infinitive clause with new subject 285j
verb + direct object 284, 285 verbs normally only followed by -ing 285f verbs with -ing or to-infinitive clauses and changes of meaning 285h wh-clause as direct object 285c wh-clause with infinitive as direct object 285d no complementation 277b and prepositional verbs 289c with should and subjunctive mood 289a single complementation 277c verbs used transitively or intransitively 282d
verb phrase structure auxiliary do with lexical verbs 159a catenative verb phrases 216 complex verb phrases 214 elements of 214a person and number 214c tense, indication of 214d lexical/auxiliary/modal verbs, order of 159a mood 159e simple verb phrases 213 tensed and non-tensed verb phrases base form, tensed and non-tensed 215a
non-tensed verb forms 159b, 215a, 215b, 215c tensed, -s form and past form 215a verb as head 159a verb phrase, as beginning of predicate 159a
voice 159d, 217 verb phrase tense-aspect aspect, and meaning 159c, 217, 223 perfect auxiliary have before progressive auxiliary be 217 tense, present and past forms 217, 218 tense-aspect combinations 159c, 217 time reference 221, 222 verbs 158, 539 characteristics of 158c formation of 158a
auxiliary verbs; catenative verbs; copular verbs; irregular verbs; lexical verbs; mental process verbs; modal verbs; multi-word verbs
vocatives 539 attracting attention 116 discourse functions of 118 joking, banter 118f mitigating threats to dignity 118d ritual contexts 118c social contexts 118c softening 118d summons 118a topic management 118e turn management 118b general plural vocatives 117c honorifics 117e impersonal 117d names and titles 117a positions of 118g in spoken English 116 terms of address, relative formality of 116
terms of kinship and endearment 117b voice 2h, 539 see also active voice; passive voice vote 287b W
want 75a–f, 285h, 285i, 285j, 287a, 287g, 343, 350, 405b, 487 -ward(s) 162, 262 warn (of) 285b, 286c, 286d, 286e, 499 watch 287d, 287e, 287f we 93a, 198a, 198g well 76a, 76b, 106c, 107, 108a, 108d, 109a, 136j, 240b, 534b well/better/best 464 what a pity! 95 what about 3f, 5d what (exclamative) 187, 189g, 204, 294, 303 what (interrogative) 99, 187, 205 whatever 208, 314f, 455 as adverb 77d for agreement, vague or unwilling 77f as determiner 77a Cambridge Grammar of English Index | 971 whatever – cont. meaning ‘regardless of’ 77c as pronoun 77b for vagueness 77e what’s more 108b, 136b, 335a whatsoever 447a wh-cleft structures 139, 539 see also cleft structures when 166, 270, 311, 313, 359a, 359b, 359c, 359d, 374 whenever 311, 313, 455 where 311, 314c whereas 166, 311, 314e wherever 311, 314c, 314f whether see if, and whether which (interrogative) 187, 189a, 190a, 191, 205, 292d, 311 which (relative clauses) 204, 317a, 317e whichever 455 while 166, 311, 313, 359a, 359b and as 78a and during 78a contrasting two ideas 78a with ellipted subject 78a and nevertheless 314f as noun 78b for simultaneous time relationship 78a subordinating conjunction 78a
in conditional clauses 452 contracted forms 234d
confident predictions 146a degrees of willingness 387 directives 387 disapproval 387 general truths 344 intentions/offers 387 politeness 344 predictions 387 requests/invitations 387 responding 387 and would 391 would 390 with appear and seem 146b conditional sentences 390b will/would: would – cont. hedging 146b, 390b past time 390a requests 390b
conditional clauses; future time; modal verbs; shall/should -wise 162, 262 wish 285i, 286a, 437 with 79, 164, 235b, 235f, 314g within 253b wonder 285c, 285d, 343, 500b word classes 1g, 155, 539 word clusters 3g, 539 distribution of 503 functions of 505 in academic English 505g interpersonal functions 505c linking functions 505e other prepositional relations 505b time and place relations 505a turn-taking 505f vague language 505d types of 504 with conjunction 504e noun phrase + of 504d preposition + article 504a prepositional expressions 504e subject + verb 504a subject + verb with complement items 504c
verb infinitives 504e word formation 539 abbreviation 267a back-formation 267b compounds 260, 265, 268 adjectives 265c nouns 265b reduplicative 265a structure of 265a verbs 265d conversion 260, 264, 268 hyphenation 266 inflection 259 invented words 267c loan words 267c prefixation 260, 261, 268 product names 267c productivity 268 from proper names 267c suffixation 260, 268 word order, and focus 539 active/passive choice 475b adjectivalisation 475j anticipatory it 475f 972 | Index Cambridge Grammar of English word order, and focus – cont. cleft sentences 475c existential there 475g fronting 472, 473a–d headers and tails 472, 474 indirect object versus prepositional complement 475a marked/unmarked order 472 nominalisation 475j pseudo-intransitive constructions 475i raising 475h theme and rheme 472 the thing, one thing, something 475e wh-cleft sentences 475d word order choices 472 see also adjuncts, position of; fronting word structure 258a affixes 258a allomorphs 258a base 258b compounds 258a lexemes 258b morphemes 258a stem 258b work 235a worth 80a worthwhile 80b would see will/would would rather 67c, 403f would sooner 403g write 285b, 286c written language informal 121a–d and spoken language 3c, 3d, 3e, 3g, 3h, 82, 84 Y
yeah 98e, 106c, 108c yell 500c yes-no questions see questions yet 3d, 136f and already 13, 72a, 81d as concessive conjunct 81b as intensifier 81c and still 72a, 81d, 466b as time adverb 81a you 3c, 60b, 198a you know 3c, 52b, 106a, 106b, 109b you say 501c you see 106b, 109b yourself 202 your/yours 190c, 201a, 201b, 201c see also possessive pronouns Z zero determiner 187, 189g, 192 Cambridge Grammar of English Index | 973 Document Outline
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