see also
count nouns; non-count nouns
now 136j, 336c
for emphasis 54
meaning ‘nowadays’ 54
nominal functions 54
now … now, in literary contexts 54
now now, for calming 54
now (now then) as discourse marker 54,
107, 108a
now (that) as conjunction 54
only now, with subject-verb inversion 54
premodified forms 54
nowhere 239b, 434, 438a, 444
number 539
numerals 207, 506j, 523
0 (zero), spoken forms of 524
British pounds sterling 520
decimals 513, 513a
fractions 513, 513a
measuring areas 521
one as 60a, 136i, 187, 189c, 190a, 191
a and one with 518
ordinal and cardinal 207, 512
percentages 514
and plural count nouns 189e
Roman numerals 523
round numbers, and dates 519
singular forms, with plural meanings 525
spoken calculations 522
telephone numbers 515
use of and in 516
use of commas in 517
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 957
O
0, spoken forms of 524
object 285f, 422
objects 278a, 539
clause structure 269, 274c, 274d, 275
and complements 279b, 279d
direct 278a, 278b, 539
indirect 278a, 278c, 539
versus prepositional complement
278d, 475a
see also
verb complementation
oblige 287c
observably 146e
observation 497
observe 285c, 285d, 287e, 499
obviously 111, 146e
occasionally 328
o’clock 526
of 164, 235f, 251
with all, both, half 55
in expressions of quantity 55
kind of/sort of 55
for marking identity 55
with noun phrases 55
for possession/attributes 55
as preposition 55
see also
partitive expressions
of course 56, 95, 111, 136c, 136f
off 164, 235b, 235f
offer 285i, 286a, 286b, 286e, 499
often 328
oh, as discourse marker 57, 107, 108d
okay, OK
as adjective 58
as adverb, meaning ‘all right’ 58
in closing sequences 58
as discourse marker 106c, 107, 108a,
108c, 110
as indication of acceptance 58
for signalling change of topic 58
as tag question 98e
as verb 58
older/elder 464
on 164, 235b, 235f, 253b
at, in, on, place 21b
at, in, on, time 21a
on account of 252
on condition that 314d, 448
on no account 336a
on no occasion 336a
on the contrary 136d, 152, 153
on the one hand … on the other hand 136d,
136f, 136i, 152, 153
on top of 6a, 252
on top of it all 136b
on top of that 108b
once 311, 351a, 359a, 359c, 374
as adverb 59a
with clausal ellipsis 59c
as conjunction 59c
in fixed expressions 59d
future tense with, wrong use of 59c
as noun 59b
and now that 59c
see also
used to
one 198a, 207
as emphatic alternative to a/an 60d
as generic personal pronoun 60b
and noun modifiers 60c
as noun-substitute 60a, 60c, 130a, 190b
numeral 60a, 136i, 187, 189c, 190a, 191
one’s 60b, 190c, 201a, 201b, 201c
one another 34a, 203
oneself 60b, 202
only 136f, 245b
as adjective meaning ‘single’ 61b
as adverb 61a
as conjunction, meaning ‘but’ 61h
if only 61d
before to-infinitive, for unexpected
actions/events 61e
only if 448
only just 61g
with subject-verb inversion 61f
opinions 145
opposite 253b
and in front of 62, 164, 252
or 166, 307, 308
-or 156a
or rather 109a, 136j
order 286a, 286c, 286e, 286f, 422, 499
ordinal numbers 207, 512
originally 136e
orthography 539
other(s) 130b
otherwise 136d, 136g
ought to 398
interrogative 398
negative 398
past form 398
and should 399
in tags 398
what is desirable 398
what is likely 398
see also
semi-modal verbs
our/ours 190c, 201a, 201b, 201c
see also
possessive pronouns
958 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
ourselves 202
-ous 160a, 262
out 235b
out- 158b, 261
out of 164, 252
outside of 164, 252
over 235b
and above 6a, 6b, 63a
as adverb 63b
as prefix 63c
as preposition 63a
over- 158b, 261
overall 136h
overhear 287d, 287e, 287f
owe 286a, 286b, 286e
owing to 252
own
with possessives 64, 190c, 201c
very, intensified by 64, 201c
P
pair of/pairs of 178d, 179
para- 261
partially 146c
participles 539
particles 539
particularly 245b
partitive expressions 539
with non-count nouns 179
noun + preposition + noun forms 170c
of with noun phrases 191
see also
any; some
parts of speech 155, 539
passive voice 539
in academic discourse 145
active/passive choice 476
agent phrases
with by 481
with other phrases 481
agentless passive 482
anticipatory it 482c
detached/impersonal styles 482b
existential there 482d
get-passives with 482a
process, focus on 482a
reference to agent, omission of 482a
be-passive formation 478
catenative verbs 216
clause subject 278bc
deserve, need, require, want with passive
meaning 487
finite forms 476
passive voice – cont.
impersonal expressions 498
non-finite forms 476
pseudo-passives with have 292b, 476,
479, 480, 484, 485
and verb complementation 477
verb phrases 159d, 214a
verbs usually found only in 486
see also
get-passive
past 253b
past perfect 355
changed states 355c
conditional clauses 355d
forms 225b, 346
versus past perfect progressive 346, 357
versus past simple 356
reported clauses 355b
and since 70a
time up to ‘then’ 355a
time-frames, and choice of tense 358
past progressive
background events 348b
definite past time 348e
events in progress 348a
indirectness/politeness 341, 343
ongoing and repeated events 348d, 501d
past progressive tense forms 346
versus past simple 349
reasons and contexts for events 348b
and temporal subordinators 359b
verbs not normally used with 350
past simple 347
in academic English 144c
definite time adjuncts 347b
definite time reference 347a
events and states 347d
forms of 220, 346, 532f
indirectness/politeness 341, 343
versus past perfect 356
versus past progressive 349
versus present perfect 351a
reporting verbs 492a
and temporal subordinators 359a
textual signals 144c
without explicit time-markers 347c
see also
time reference
past time 346
complex sentences, tense choices in
after having with - ed participle 359
perfect infinitive clauses 359e
temporal subordinators, and past
perfect 359d
temporal subordinators, and present
simple 359c
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 959
past time – cont.
present tense references to 360
historic present 360a, 501d
historical events 360d
present progressive for narrative
build-up 360b
present simple for news headlines 360c
speech-reporting verbs 360e
see also
past perfect; past progressive;
past simple; present perfect
pay 286a, 286b, 286e
perfect aspect 539
catenative verbs 216
have, use of 227, 233a
and softening/hedging 423a
verb phrases 159c, 214a
see also
past perfect; present perfect
perfect infinitive clauses 359e
perfectly 245b
performatives 539
perhaps 112
permit 287c, 405b, 422
person 539
person 65
person names 528a, 528b
personal pronouns 198
anaphoric/cataphoric reference 198a
anticipatory it structure 199
deixis 93a
he/him, she/her, they/them 198d
I/me 198b
it 198e
notions of correctness 199
in object form 466a
one 198f
person, number, gender 198a
position with phrasal verbs 235d
and spoken English 200
subject and object forms 198a, 199, 466a
they/them 198h
time and place references 493d
we/us 198e
you 198c
persuade 286c, 286f
persuade of 286e
phatic communication 539
phonetics, phonology 1i, 539
phrasal verbs 235c, 235e, 539
phrasal-prepositional verbs 235g, 539
phrase class 1g
phrases 1e, 539
pick 235a
piece of 179
pitch 539
place 287h
plainly 146e
plan 285i
plead 499
plenty
see
much, many/a lot, lots of
plenty of 182b
plural forms 539
point 497
point out 286c, 499
polar interrogatives
see
interrogative clauses
polarity 539
population names 528a, 528b
possessive adjectives 187, 189a
possessive determiners 201a, 201b
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