see also
present progressive; present
simple
presumably 112
presume 134, 285b, 287c
pretend 285b, 285i
pretty 245b
see also
quite
prevent 285f
prevent from 286e
prior to 252
pro- 261
probability 406
probable 406
probably 112, 146c, 248, 406
proclaim 287b, 287c
proforms 539
see also
substitution
progressive aspect 539
in academic texts 144d
with always 16b
catenative verbs 216
examples of 224
forms of 224, 224a, 224b, 224c
and mean 52a
and perfect aspect 226
and politeness 423a
verb phrases 214a
see also
past progressive; present
progressive
prohibit 405b
promise 285b, 285i, 286a, 286b, 286c,
286e, 405a, 422
prompt 287c
pronounce 287b
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 961
pronouns 539
in academic English 147
archaic forms of (thou, thee, thy, thyself,
thine) 212
classes of 197
functions of 197
gender-neutral 198d
premodification of 197
substitute one 209
whatever, whoever, whichever 208
see also
anticipatory it; demonstrative
pronouns; empty it; existential there;
indefinite pronouns; interrogative
pronouns; personal pronouns;
possessive pronouns; reciprocal
pronouns; reflexive pronouns;
relative pronouns
pronunciation 155
proper names
and agreement 184
capitalisation of 184, 506b
as count nouns 184
countries 186
geographical features 185
languages 186
nationalities 186
as plural non-count nouns 184
regions 186
as singular non-count nouns 184
without determiners 184
propose 285i, 286c, 289a
prosody 539
protect from 286e
protest 285b, 499
prove 285b, 285c, 286c
provide with 286e
providing/provided (that) 166, 312, 314d,
448
pseudo-cleft sentences 539
see also
cleft structures
pseudo-intransitive constructions 283a,
475a, 539
pseudo-passive forms 292b, 476, 479, 480,
484, 485, 539
pull 235a
punctuation 506, 539
bibliographic citations 154b
brackets 506i
capital letters 506b
citations 506g
and coherence 124
colons 506e
commas 506b, 506d
with adjectives 506d
punctuation: commas – cont.
with adjuncts 506d
clause boundaries 506d
with discourse markers 506d
with interjections 506d
in letters 506d
in lists 506d
with relative clauses 506d
in reporting structures 506d
with tags and responses 506d
with vocatives 506d
dashes 506i
direct speech 490a, 506f
colons 506f
question marks 506f
single/double quotation marks 506f
exclamation marks 506c
forward slashes 506i
full stops 506b
abbreviated words 506b
acronyms 506b
conventions in letters 506b
with initials for personal names 506b
sentence boundaries 506b
sentence fragments 506b
hyphens 506i
indirect speech 490b
and numerals 506j
commas, for units of
thousands/millions 506j
dates, full stops in 506j
scientific/technological abbreviations
506j
times, full stops/colons with 506j
weights and measures 506j
punctuation marks 506a
question marks 506c
quotations 154b
semi-colons 506e
titles and sub-titles 154b
see also
apostrophes
put 235a, 287h
put off 285f
Q
quantifiers 71a, 539
quantity of 182b
query 500b
question 500b
question tags 299, 539
with added auxiliary 300a
fixed, in informal speech 98e
962 | Index
Cambridge Grammar of English
question tags – cont.
intonation of 98b, 436
main clauses with am, may, used to,
ought to 300c
main clauses with indefinite pronouns
300d
main clauses with there is/there are
300e
with modal verbs 234c
negation of 300a, 436
in non-final position 300h
ought to in 398
polarity 300b, 436
position of 98d
with repeated auxiliary 300a
in reporting structures 98d, 300g, 300h
in requests 98c, 300f
with there is/there are 300e
used to in 400
questions 424, 539
alternative 428
declarative 430
echo 99, 432
eliciting information 425c, 425d, 425e
interpersonal aspects of 433
interrogative structure 425b
and intonation 429, 429a, 429b, 429c,
430, 431
question types 425
reduced forms 425a
wh-
emphatic wh-questions with
do-auxiliary 427a
phonetic reduction and ellipsis in
427b
wh-words (what, when, where,
which, who(m), whose, why, how)
292d, 427
yes-no
ending with or … 426
phonetic reduction and ellipsis in
426a
response tags 426
two-step questions and responses 101
see also
interrogative clauses
quite 238d, 245b, 248, 467c
with gradable adjectives and adverbs
66a, 66c, 66i
not quite 66f
with nouns 66c
quite a bit/quite a lot 66g
quite right, for agreement 66h
with verbs 66e
R
raised subjects 146d, 475h, 539
rankshifting 315, 539
rarely 328, 336a, 434, 446, 473c
rate 287b
rather 136d, 245b
and better 67d
in comparisons 67b
intensifying function 67a
see also
quite
modifying a clause 67d
or rather 67f
rather than 67e
as response token 67g
would rather for expressing preference
67c
re- 261
read 286a, 286b, 286e
real 461
realise 285b, 285c
really 68, 71d, 111, 330, 534a
recall 285b, 285f
recently 351a
recipient of action 539
reciprocal pronouns 203, 539
reciprocal verbs 539
reckon 134, 285b, 287c, 405a
recognise 285b
recommend 159e, 286c, 286f, 289a, 345,
390b
reduced clauses 539
reduplication 539
refer to 286e
reference 539
anaphoric 125, 126, 539
fixed expressions 127
pronouns and determiners 127
referring expressions 126
cataphoric 125, 539
fixed expressions 127
referring expressions 126
this and here, use of 126, 127
endophoric 125, 126, 127, 128, 539
longer expressions 127, 128
referring expressions 126
that for items of temporary/distant
interest 128
this for new or important topic, or
entities writer wants to highlight
128
exophoric 125, 539
referents 126, 539
referring expressions 126, 539
Cambridge Grammar of English
Index | 963
reflexive pronouns 539
for emphasis 202
meaning ‘alone’ 202
for politeness 202
for same subject and object 202
reformulation 539
refuse 285i, 286a, 422b
register 539
regret 285h
regular verbs 228a, 539
regularly 328
relative clauses 317, 539
defining and non-defining 204, 317a,
317b, 317c, 317d, 317e, 317f, 317g,
317h, 317i, 506d
embedded clauses 315, 317a
intonation of 317i
non-finite 317j
punctuation of 317i
sentential 317a, 317e, 317i
which-clauses 317a
see also
relative pronouns
relative pronouns 204, 317b, 539
choice of 317b
and (non)-repetition of clause elements
317b
that 317f
which 317e
who and whom 317c, 317d
whose 317g
zero 317b, 317h
relieve of 286e
remain 288c, 288d, 288e
see also
copular verbs
remark 285b, 286c, 497
remarkably 245b
remember 285b, 285c, 285d, 285h, 285i, 285k
remind (of) 286c, 286d, 286e, 286f
repeat 285b, 499
reply 285b, 500b
report 285b, 285f, 286c, 287c
reported speech
see
speech representation
reporting verbs 488, 489
and adjuncts 500d
and agentless passive 482b
ask 489
say versus tell 489a
and speech acts 499
substitute so with 134
tense and aspect in 492
past progressive 492d
past simple 492a
present progressive 492c
present simple 492b
reporting verbs – cont.
vocal and emotional characteristics,
representing 500c
see also
speech representation
reporting/reported clauses 292g, 488, 491,
491a, 496, 539
reproach 422b
request 286f, 289a
require 287c, 289a, 345, 487
resent 285f
reserve 286a, 286e
respectively 152
respond 500b
response 497
response tokens 539
adjectives and adverbs as 95a
clustering of, for closure 95d
contexts, association with 95a
as discourse markers 110
negation of 95c
pairs of 95d
phrases and short clauses as 95
for positive feedback 95a
as preface to comment on preceding
utterance 95a
premodification of 95b
restrictive relative clauses 539
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