Мuzaffar Choriyev Мuхаmmаdi G‘opporov

Clearly aniq Bravely jasurona Correctly to‘g‘ri Cautiously ehtiyot bo‘lib	More clearly aniqroq More bravely jasurroq More correctly to‘g‘riroq More cautiously ehtiyotkorroq
Most clearly eng aniq Most bravely eng jasurona Most correctly eng to‘g‘ri Most cautiously eng ehtiyotkor

4. Often tez-tez, quickly tez, slowly sekin ravishlarining darajalari har ikkala yo‘l bilan yasaladi:

Oddiy daraja	Qiyosiy daraja	Orttirma daraja
often tez-tez quickly tez slowly sekin	Oftener more often quicker more quick slower more slow	oftenest most often quickest most quickly slowest most slowly

Quyidagi ravishlarning darajalari ular yasalgan sifatlarga o‘xshab qoidaga bo‘ysunmasdan yasaladi:

Oddiy daraja	Qiyosiy daraja	Orttirma daraja
Well yaxshi Badly yomon Much ko‘p Little oz far uzoq	better yaxshiroq worse yomonroq more ko‘proq less ozroq farther uzoqroq further	best eng yaxshi worst eng yomon most eng ko‘p least eng oz farthest eng uzoq furthest

Orttirma darajadagi ravishdan keyin of predlogli birikma kelganda (yoki nazarda tutilganda) ravish the artikli bilan ham, artiklsiz ham ishlatilishi mumkin.

Of predlogli birikma bo‘lmasa, yoki (nazarda tutilmasa) orttirma darajadagi ravish artiklsiz ishlatiladi:

Which of the boys works (the) best (of all the boys) ?	Bolalarning qaysisi hamma (bolalar)- dan yaxshi ishlaydi?
I work best in the morning.	Men ertalab eng yxshi ishlayman.
Rahim came late, Olim came later and the) latest (of all).	Rahimr kech keldi, Olim kechroq keldi, Karim came (Karim esa hammadan kech keldi.
I come home latest on Mondays.	Dushanba kunlari men uyga eng kech kelaman.

Ravishlarning gapdagi o’rni

3. 
   Gapdagi fe’l o‘timsiz bo‘lsa, holat ravishi fe’ldan keyin keladi:
   

He walked slowly.	U sekin yurdi.
The sun shines brightly.	Quyosh charaqlab nur sochadi.

4. 
   Gapdagi fe’l o‘timli bo‘lsa, ravish fe’ldan oldin yoki fe’ldan keyin kelishi mumkin. U fe’l bilan to‘ldiruvchining o‘rtasida kelishi mumkin emas:
   

He answered the question calmly. He calmly answered the question	U savolga bosiqlik bilan. Javob berdi.
He translated the article easily. He easily translated the article.	U maqolani osongina (osonlik bilan) tarjima qildi.

Fe’ldan keyin infinitiv kelganda, ravish fe’ldan oldin ishlatiladi:

He flatly refused to answer the question.

U savolga javob berishdan qat’iy bosh tortdi.

5. 
   Noaniq zamon ravishlari – always, often, seldom, ever, never, just, already, yet, usually, generally, sometimes, still, soon, once va boshqalar fe’ldan oldin ishlatiladi:
   

He always comes early.	U har doim uyga ertachi keladi.
He often goes there.	U u yoqqa tez-tez borib turadi.
I usually get up at seven o’clock.	Men odatda soat yettida o‘rnimdan turaman.
I once went there with my brother.	Men u yerga bir kuni akam bilan borgan edim

Lekin yuqoridagi ravishlar to be fe’lidan keyin ishlatiladi:

He is always here at five o’clock.	U har doim soat beshda shu yerda bo‘ladi.
He is never late for the lectures.	U hech qachon leksiyaga kech qolmaydi.

Gapda qo‘shma fe’l ishlatilgan bo‘lsa, yuqoridagi ravishlar yordamchi fe’l bilan asosiy fe’l o‘rtasida keladi:

I shall never forget it.	Men buni hech qchon unutmayman.
He has just left.	U hozirgina ketdi.

Agar gapda ikkita yordamchi fe’l bo‘lsa ravish birinchi yordamchi fe’ldan keyin ishlatiladi:

He has just been asked to take part in that work.

Undan hozirgina bu ishda qatnashishini so‘dilar.

Noaniq zamon ravishlari modal fe’l bilan infinitiv o’rtasida keladi:

You must never get off the tram when it is moving.	Siz hech qachon yurib ketayotgan tramvaydan tushmasligingiz kerak.
I can always prove it to be true.	Men buning to‘g‘riligini har doim isbotlay olaman.

Agar fe’l have+ to + V shaklida ifodalangan bo‘lsa, yuqoridagi ravishlar havedan oldin ishlatiladi:

I often have to go there.

Men ko‘pincha u yerga borishimga to‘g‘ri keladi.

Agar fe’l used+to+V shaklida ifodalangan bo‘lsa, yuqoridagi ravishlar useddan oldin ishlatiladi:

You always used to agree.

Siz har doim men bilan kelishar edingiz.

Yet ravishi hali ma’nosida not yuklamasidan keyin yoki fe’ldan keyin, agar to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa, to‘ldiruvchidan keyin ishlatiladi:

I have not yet read the letter. I have not read the letter yet.

Men hali xatni o‘qiganim yo‘q.

Yet ravishi allaqachon ma’nosida gapning oxirida keladi:

Have you read the newspaper yet?

Siz allaqachon gazetani o‘qidingizmi?

Sometimes ravishi gapning boshida, oxirida yoki fe’ldan oldin kelishi mumkin:

I sometimes go there . Sometimes I go there. I go there sometimes.

Men ba’zan u yerga boraman.

To-morrow, to-day, yesterday ravishlari gapning boshida yoki oxirida keladi:

To-morrow I shall go there.	Ertaga men u yerga boraman.
I have seen him to-day.	Men uni bugun ko‘rdim.

Before oldin, ilgari, lately yaqinda, keyingi paytlarda va recently yaqinda, so‘nggi kunlarda ravishlari odatda gapning oxirida ishlatiladi:

I have seen this film before.	Men bu filmni oldin ko‘rganman.
I have not been there lately.	Men keyingi paytlarda u yerda bo‘lgan emasman.

Agar gapning oxirida o‘rin ravishi bilan payt ravishi kelsa, o‘rin ravishi payt ravishidan oldin keladi:

I met him there yesterday.

Men kecha uni u yerda ko‘rdim.

Sifatlarni va boshqa ravishlarni aniqlovchi ravishlar o‘zlari aniqlaydigan so‘zdan oldin keladi:

I’m very glad to see you.	Men sizni ko‘rishdan juda xursand-man
He speaks Englsh quite well.	U inglizchani juda yaxshi gapiradi.

Enough yetarli ravishi o‘zi aniqlaydigan sifat, ravish yoki fe’ldan keyin keladi:

My coat is warm enough.	Mening paltoim yetarlicha issiq.
You know English well enough to read this book.	Siz bu kitobni o‘qish uchun ingliz-chani yetarlicha yaxshi bilasiz.
He does not work enough.	U yetarli ishlamaydi.

Izoh: Enough sifat bo‘lib kelib, otni ham aniqlashi mumkin, bunda enough otdan oldin keladi, ba’zan otdan keyin ham keladi:

Don’t hurry, we have enough time (= time enough).

Shoshilmang, bizning yetarli vaqtimiz bor.

Too, either ham, shuningdek ravishlari gapning oxirida keladi:

I shall be there too.	Men ham u yerda bo‘laman.
I have not seen him either.	Uni men ham ko’rganim yo‘q.

Too juda ma’nosida kelganda, u o‘zi aniqlaydigan so‘zdan oldin keladi:

There are too many mistakes in your dictation.

Sizning diktantingizda xatolar juda ko‘p.

PREDLOG

(THE PREPOSITION)

1. 
   Predlog deb ot (yoki olmoshning) gapdagi boshqa so‘zlarga munosabatini ko‘rsatuvchi yordamchi so‘zlarga aytiladi. Ingliz tilida kelishik qo‘shimchalari yo‘qligi uchun ular ko‘p hollarda o‘zbek tilidagi kelishik qo‘shimchalari vazifasini bajaradi:
   

He lives in London.	U Londonda yashaydi.
He is sitting under a tree.	U daraxt ostida o‘tiribdi.
After dinner he went to the library.	U tushlikdan keyin kutubxonaga bordi.
He came with his brother.	U akasi bilan keldi.

2. 
   Har bir predlog bir nechta mustaqil ma’nolarda kelishi mumkin. Masalan, in predlogi quyidagi ma’nolarda ishlatiladi:
   
   1. 
      -da (joyga nisbatan ishlatiladi):
      

He lives in London.

U Londonda yashaydi.

b) -da (vaqtga nisbatan ishlatiladi, oy va yil oldida):

He will arrive in May.

U may oyida keladi.

2. 
   keyin ma’nosida:
   

   He will return in an hour.

   U bir soatdan keyin qaytib keladi.

3. 
   -da , ichida, mobaynida:
   

The house was built in three months.

Uy uch oy ichida qurildi.

3. 
   Ko‘p hollarda u yoki bu predlogning ishlatilishi undan oldin kelayotgan fe’lga, sifatga yoki otga bog‘liq bo‘ladi. Masalan, to depend fe’li o‘zidan keyin on predlogini talab qiladi:
   

It doesn’t depend on me.

Bu menga bog‘liq emas.

To laugh fe’li o‘zidan keyin at predlogini talab qiladi:

He laughed at me.

U mening ustimdan kuldi.

Sure sifati o‘zidan keyin of predlogini talab qiladi:

He was sure of it.

U bunga amin edi.

Objection oti o‘zidan keyin to predlogini talab qiladi:

I have no objection to that.

Menda bunga e’tiroz yo‘q.

4. Ba’zi fe’llar turli predloglar bilan kelib, ma’nosi turlicha bo‘ladi:

He is looking at the child.	U bolaga qarayapti.
He is looking for the child.	U bolani izlayapti.
He is looking after the child.	U bolaga qarayapti (g‘amxo‘rlik qilayapti).

5.Predloglar ko‘pgina iboralar va birikmalar tarkibiga kiradi – in vain behuda,bekorga, at last nihoyat, for ever umrbod, abadiy, on the one (other) hand bir (boshqa) tomondan va boshq.

6. Predloglar quyidagi guruhlarga bo‘linadi:

1. 
   sodda (in, to, at, va hokazo)
   
2. 
   qo‘shma (into, upon, throughout va boshq.)
   
3. 
   predlog vazifasini bajaruvchi so‘zlar guruhi: (according to, by means of, instead of, in front of va hokazo);
   

Shakli ravishlar bilan mos keluvchi predloglar
1. Ba’zi predloglarning shakllari ravishlar bilan mos keladi. Predloglarni ravishlardan ularning gapdagi vazifasiga qarab ajratish mumkin. Predloglar otlar (olmoshlar) bilan gapdagi boshqa so‘zlar o‘rtasidagi munosabatni bildirib keladi. Ular mustaqil so‘zlar emas, yordamchi so‘zlardir va urg’u olmaydi. Ravishlar esa fe’llarni aniqlaydi. Ular mustaqil so‘zlar bo‘lib urg‘u oladi:

Predloglar	Ravishlar
He went up stairs. U zinadan yuqoriga chiqdi.	I looked up and saw an aeroplane flying very low. Men yuqoriga qaradim va juda past uchayotgan samolyotni ko‘rdim.
Before the war he lived in London. Urushdan oldin u Londonda yashagan.	I have read this book before. Men bu kitobni oldin o‘qiganman.
We shall go there after dinner. Biz u yerga tushlikdan keyin boramiz.	I never saw him after. Keyin men uni hech qachon ko‘rmadim.

2. Ba’zi predloglarga mos keluvchi ravishlar (in, on, up, down, by va bosh-qalar) ba’zi fe’llar bilan birikib kelib yangi ma’no beradi va qo‘shma fe’llarni yasaydi. Ushbu holda ravishlar mustaqil so‘z bo‘lmasa ham urg‘u oladi:

Put on your coat.	Paltongizni kiying.
He gets up very early.	U juda ertachi turadi.
Come in, please.	Marhamat, kiring.
Go on reading.	O‘qishni davom ettiring.
Turn off the light.	Chiroqni o‘chiring.

Predloglarga mos keluvchi ravishlar shu predloglar bilan birga o‘rganiladi.

Predlogning gapdagi o‘rni
1. Predloglar ot yoki olmoshdan oldin keladi. Agar otning aniqlovchisi bo‘lsa predlog shu aniqlovchidan oldin keladi:

He works at a factory.	U fabrikada ishlaydi.
He works at a large factory.	U katta fabrikada ishlaydi.

2. Ammo quyidagi hollarda predlog o‘zi qarashli bo‘lgan so‘zning oldida emas, gapning oxirida keladi (fe’ldan keyin keladi, agar to‘diruvchi bo‘lsa to‘ldiruvchidan keyin keladi):

a) Ko‘chirma va o‘zlashtirma so‘roq gaplarda, predlog what, who(m), which olmoshlariga yoki where ravishiga qarashli bo‘lganda gapning oxirida fe’ldan keyin, agar to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa to‘ldiruvchidan keyin kelishi mumkin. Ammo predlog so‘roq so‘zlardan oldin ham kelishi mumkin:

What are you looking at? (=At what are you looking?)	Siz nimaga qarayapsiz?
Who(m) did he speak to? (=To whom did he speak?)	U kim bilan gaplashdi?
Ask him where he got this book from. (=Ask him from where he got this book.)	Undan bu kitobni qayerdan olganligini so‘rang.

b) Aniqlovchi ergash gaplarni bosh gaplarga bog‘laydigan nisbiy olmoshlarga qarashli predloglar gapning oxirida fe’ldan keyin, agar to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lsa to‘ldiruvchidan keyin kelishi mumkin. Predloglar nisbiy olmoshdan oldin ham kelishi mumkin:

The house which he lives in is very big.(= The house in which he lives is very big.)

U yashaydigan uy juda katta.

Nisbiy olmosh tushib qolsa predlog doimo fe’ldan keyin keladi:

The house he lives in is very big.

c) Egasi aniq maylda to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lib kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan majhul birikmalarda predlog gapning oxirida keladi:

He was laughed at. (Taqqos- Lang: They laughed at him. )	Uning ustidan kulishdi.
The doctor was sent for. (Taq- qoslang: They sent for the doctor.)	Doktorga odam yubordilar.

4. 
   Aniqlovchi bo’lib kelgan infinitivli birikmalarda predlog infinitivdan keyin keladi:
   

I have no pen to write with.

Menda yozish uchun ruchka yo‘q.