Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes

20.Parts of speech(Gram. Classes of Words)

The words of language, depending on various formal & semantic features, are divided into classes. The traditional gram. classes of words are called “parts of speech”, since the word is distinguished not only by gram., but also by semantico-lexemic properties, some scholars also refer to parts of speech as lexico-gram. categories (Смирницкий). It should be noted that the term “parts of speech” is purely traditional & conventional. This name was introduced in the gram. teaching of Ancient Greece, where no strict differenciation was drawn between the word as a vocabulary unit & the word as a functional element of the sentence.
In modern linguistics, parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of the three criteria: (Щерба).The semantic criterion expresses the generalized meaning of all the words of a given part of speech. The formal criterion exposes the specific inflexional & derivational (word-building) features of part a part of speech. The functional criterion concerns the syntactic role of words in the sentence, typical of a part of speech. These 3 factors of categorical characterization of words are referred to as 'meaning', form & function.The three-criteria characterization of parts of speech was developed & applied to practice in Soviet linguistics. Vinogradov in connection with the study of Rus. Grammar, Smirnitsky, Ilyish in connection with their study of E. Grammar. Alongside of the 3-criteria principle of dividing the words into gram. classes modern linguistics has developed another, narrower principle based on syntactic featuring of words only.
On the material of Rus., the principle of syntactic approach to the class-n of word-stock were outlined in the works of Peshkovsky. The principles of syntactic class-n of E. words were worked out by L. Bloomfield, Harris & esp. Ch. Fries. He chooses tape-recorded spontaneous conversations which lasted 50 hours. The 3 typical sentences are: Frames:A The concert was good (always).B The clerk remembered the tax (suddenly).C The team went there. As a result he divides the words into 4 classes: class I, II, III, IV, which correspond to the traditional nouns, verbs, adj.s & adverbs.