1. A word-group is a combination of at least two meaningful words
joined together according to the rules of a particular language.
Words in word-groups are not “free” because their syntagmatic
relationships are governed, restricted and regulated, on the one
hand, by requirements of logic and common sense and, on the
other, by the rules of grammar and combinability.
Distribution is the range of positions in which a linguistic unit can
occur, e.g. the noun issue can appear in various combinations:
Adj. + issue: burning, central, critical, crucial, key, vital;
controversial, difficult, thorny; economic, moral, political, social,
technical, theoretical;
A phraseological unit is a non-motivated word-group that cannot be
freely made up in speech but is reproduced as a ready-made unit.
Examples:black horse-a person whom no one knows anything
definite
2. Phraseological unity is a semantically indivisible phraseological
unit the whole meaning of which is motivated by the meanings of
its components.
In general, phraseological unities are the phrases where the
meaning of the whole unity is not the sum of the meanings of its
components but is based upon them and may be understood from
the components. The meaning of the significant word is not too
remote from its ordinary meanings. This meaning is formed as a
result of generalized figurative meaning of a free word-
combination. It is the result of figurative metaphoric reconsideration
of a word-combination.
To come to one’s sense –to change one’s mind;
To come home – to hit the mark;
To fall into a rage – to get angry.
3.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
A.J.Smirnitsky classifies phraseological units according to their
stylistic features:
1) phraseological units (stylistically neutral, with faded
metaphorical motivation,
e.g., be in love, fall in love);
2) idioms (they are based on metaphor, they are emotionally and
stylistically
coloured, e.g., cool as a cucumber).
I.Arnold classifies phraseological units according to the type of
the component parts and
the functioning of the whole. She states that “structured like
phrases they function like words”.
There are seven types of phraseological units in I.Arnold’s
structural classification: 1) nominal phrases, e.g., high life
2) verbal phrases, e.g., put one’s head in a noose
3) adverbial phrases, e.g., by hook or by crook
4) adjectival phrases, e.g., as wet as a drowned rat
5) prepositional phrases, e.g., in accordance with 6)
conjunctional phrases, e.g., as long as
7) interjectional phrases, e.g., well, I never did!
4.Characteristic features of
phraseological units:
1. vivid imagery and the resulting possibility of
matching with
parallel existing phrases (cf.: to
throw dust into smb.’s eyes,
to
be
narrow in
the shoulders, to
burn one’s fingers, to
burn
bridges);
2. preserving the semantics of
the individual components (to
put
a
spoke in
smb.’s wheel);
3. inability to
replace some components with others (to
hold
one’s cards close to
one’s chest);
4. emotional and expressive coloring plays a
crucial role
(to
throw dust into smb.’s eyes, to
paint the devil blacker than
he
is);
5. the ability to
enter into synonymous relations with individual
words or
other phraseological units (to
gild refined gold = to
paint
the lily).
5. A saying is a familiar expression that is often repeated.
Also referred to as an adage, a saying is something that
was said in the past and has become popular to be often
repeated in daily life of common people. If you look up a
dictionary, you would find that the synonyms given for a
saying are aphorism, proverb, maxim, adage etc
Examples: • A stitch in time saves nine
• Where there is smoke, there is fire
• Honesty is the best policy
Proverb
A proverb is a type of saying that contains a piece of
advice or simply contains truth or any other universal
value. It is a short statement that is popular and people
make use of a proverb to express their feelings. A
proverb can say a lot more than a thousand words.
Morality, truth, wisdom, friendship, loyalty, etc. are the
values that are glorified with the use of these proverbs.
These proverbs are based upon common sense and lay
down the foundation of code of conduct as they are as
much true or useful today as they were hundreds of
years ago. Take a look at the following proverbs.
• Money does not grow on trees
• The early bird catches the worms
• Pen is mightier than sword
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