Morphological structure of a word. Classification of Morphemes

class I includes all words which can be used in the position of the words 'concert' (frame A), clerk & tax (frame B), team (frame C), subject & object. Class II - have the position of the words 'was', 'remembered', 'went' in the given frames, i.e. in the position of the predicate or part of the predicate. Class III - the position of 'good', & 'new', i.e. in the position of the predicative or attribute. & the words of class IV - in the position of 'there' in Frame C, i.e. of an adverbial modifier. These classes are subdivided into subtypes.Ch. Fries sticks to the positional approach. such words as man, he, the others, another belong to class I as they can take the position before the words of class II, i.e. before the finite verb. Besides the 4 classes, Fries finds 15 groups of function words. Following the positional approach, he includes into one & the same group the words of quite different types. group A includes all words, which can take the position of the definite article 'the', such as: no, your, their, both, few, much, John's, our, four, twenty. But Fries admits, that some of these words may take the position of class I in other sentences. Thus, this division is very complicated, one & the same word may be found in different classes due to its position in the sentence. So Fries' idea doesn't reach its aim to create a new classification of classes of words.
Today scholars believe that it is difficult to classify E. parts of speech using one criterion. Some Soviet linguists class the E. parts of speech according to a number of features. 1)Lexico-gram. meaning: (noun - substance, adj. - property, verb - action, numeral – number, etc).2)Lexico - gram. morphemes: (-er, -ist, -hood - noun; -fy, -ize - verb; -ful, -less - adj., etc). 3)Gram. categories & paradigms. 4)Syntactic functions 5)Combinability (power to combine with other words). In accord with the described criteria, words are divided into notional & functional. To the notional parts of speech of the E. language belong the noun, the adj., the numeral, the pronoun, the verb, the adverb. To the basic functional series of words in E. belong the article, the preposition, the conjunction, the particle, the modal word, the interjection. The difference between them may be summed up as follows:) Notional parts of speech express notions & function as sentence parts (subject, object, attribute, adverbial modifier). 2) Notional parts of speech have a naming function & make a sentence by themselves: Go! 3) Functional words (or form-words) cannot be used as parts of the sentence & cannot make a sentence by themselves. 4) Functional words have no naming function but express relations. 5) Functional words have a negative combinability but a linking or specifying function. E.g. prepositions & conjunctions are used to connect words, while particles & articles - to specify them.
Pr. Ilyish objects to the division of words into notional & functional parts of speech. He says that prepositions & conjunctions are no less notional than nouns & verbs, as they also express some relations & connections existing independently. Each part of speech is further subseries in accord with various particular semantico-functional & formal features of the words. Thus, nouns are subdivided into proper & common, animate & unanimate, countable & uncountable, conctrete & abstract. E.g. Mary-girl, man-earth, can-water, stone-honesty. This proves that the majority of E. parts of speech has a field-like structure.
The theory of gram. fields was worked out by V.G. Admoni on the material of the German language. Every part of speech has words, which obtain all the features of this part of speech. They are its nucleus. But there are such words which don't have all the features of this part of speech, though they belong to it. Consequently, the field includes central & peripheral elements. Because of the rigid word-order in the E. sentence, E. parts of speech have developed a number of gram. meanings & an ability to be converted. E.g. It's better to be a has-been than a never-was. He grows old. He grows roses. The convertion may be written one part of speech. She took off her glasses. Give me a glass of water.

21.Types of meaning.Semantic structure of a word.

The branch of Lexicology, which is devoted to the study of meaning, is called Semantics. All the linguists usually describe 2 types of meaning. The gram. meaning is clearly seen in identical sets of individual forms pf different words: girls, tables, lakes, plates – the gram. meaning is plurality. Worked, played, finished– the gram. meaning of past tense. In the processes of communication in a sentence a word has several gram. meanings (the girls dresses are beautiful).. Lex. meaning is not connected with changes of gram. forms of one & the same word. It remains stable & unchanged in a sentence a word is used in one of its lex. meanings. So, lex. Meaning is proper to a word as a lang-e unit in all its forms & distributions (go-went-gone).
The words ‘go’, ‘goes’, ‘went’, ‘going’, ‘gone’ have different gram. meaning but one & the same semantic component denoting the process of moving.
lex. meaning has a rather complicated structure & consists of several components. Most of the linguists distinguish between 3 main components of lex. meaning. They are:
the denotative component as the segment of the extra-linguistic world expressed in a word; the significative component as a typical notion or concept, a complex of features, characteristic of an object; (denotate); the relations of these 3 components (denotate, significate & a word) can be roughly illustrated by the famous semantic triangle of Ogden & Richards.
Significate (=notion)

Word denotate (=object)

There is a direct relation between a word & a significate on the one side & a significate & a denotate on the other side. But there is no immediate relation between a word & a denotate. It is established only through the significate.

connotative component or connotation: connotation is defined as an additional information to a word. Depicting an attitude of a person to an object.
emotional coloring: well-known (стил. нейтрально), famous (использ. в хорошем смысле), notorious (в плохом смысле).
Stylistic reference: stylistically words can be divided into: Literary (‘bookish’): general & special (terms (are associated with a definite branch of science: influenza) & archaisms);Neutral (can be employed in all styles of the lang-e & in all … of human activity);Colloquial: general & special.