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TEACHING ENGLISH IDIOMS TO RUSSIAN LEARNERS
Pulatova K.Sh.
Student of Fergana State University
Abstract:
This paper aims to discuss the importance of English idiomatic expressions in
language acquisition, as well as suggesting some innovative ways of teaching them to Russian-
speaking students.
Key words:
Idiomatic expression, cultural background, origin, language proficiency, cross-
cultural communication, English language, Russian language, special classification of idioms.
One may say, ‘The cat is out of the bag!’ and the other would use a phrase “secret is out”.
Apparently the former statement belongs to a native speaker or a proficient language user, whereas
the later one – probably, to a learner with a limited range of vocabulary. The main difference here is
the usage of the idiomatic expression, which causes the first person’s speech to sound more natural,
with a sense of easiness and liveliness. It is a demonstrative example proving importance of using
idioms in both spoken and written language as a means of enrichment and eloquence. Roberto de
Caro (2009) claimed that English is considered to be enormous thesaurus of idioms – ‘those modes
of expression peculiar to a language which frequently defy logical and grammatical rules’. And
without idioms most of English language’s variety and humor would be desperately and irrevocably
lost. Indeed, idiom is one of the most miraculous linguistic phenomena, demonstrating the lexical,
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Василюк И. «Лексическая специфика массмедийного дискурса: язык виртуального пространства Рунета».
Вестник ЛГМУ. 2015. вып.19 – с.194
586
semantical and artistical richness of the language, along with its wide possibilities, diversity and
uniqueness (Ostonova, 2021).
According to the Cambridge dictionary, idiom is a group of words in a fixed order that have a
particular meaning that is different from the meanings of each word on its own. In other words, as
Straksiene (2009) stated idiomatic expression can be defined as a phrase meaning of which is
unpredictable and cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up. Thyab (2016)
suggested own definition of this term: ‘an expression, word, or phrase with a figurative meaning
which is different from the literal meaning of its components. To put it more simply, idioms do not
mean exactly what the words say. Consequently, it can be concluded that comprehension and
interpretation of unfamiliar idioms may represent considerable complexity not only to non-native
speakers, but also to native ones. For instance, if English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learner
come across the expression ‘Straight from the horse’s mouth’, it is highly unlikely that he or she
will conceive it fully and properly. It is natural among students trying to interpret new idiom by
analyzing it literally, more specifically, by translating its constituent parts. Some of the idiomatic
phrases appear to be decomposable or analyzable, with the meanings of their parts contributing
independently to their overall figurative meaning (Nurul Asri & Rochmawati, 2017). In the
abovementioned case, the idea that it is all about receiving information straightforwardly from the
most reliable source would never cross one’s mind.
Considering the fact that reaching the proficient level of language usage without knowing
formulaic expressions is unobtainable, it should be said that despite of all acquisition difficulties
they must be learnt. As maintained by Thyab (2016), insufficiency concerning knowledge as well as
usage of locutions by non-natives equates their lack of English language competence. Thus, this
judgement leads to the inference that the more a learner is capable of using figurative expressions,
the closer he or she is to the masterful language proficiency. There is a widespread notion that
idioms can only be leant by rote, without comprehending their actual meaning, which is more
aggravated by the monotonous teaching methods practiced by the majority of teachers. At this
point, it is meaningless even to mention appropriate idioms’ usage in practice, while there is no
guarantee that learners will able to recall them after so tedious memorization process, as matter of
fact, without associations between forms and meanings (Chen & Lei, 2013). It is commonly
believed, especially among students, that idiomatic expressions are taught by presenting them in
isolation, as though they were an impenetrable obscurity of language (Nurul Asri &Rochmawati,
2017). In the past few decades of ceaseless work on teaching methodologies there has been a
dramatic increase in the number of prodigious approaches to implement in classrooms while
teaching idioms, including idiom posters, using idioms in creative writing, composing conversations
based on real-life situations, impromptu scenes where students need to spontaneously use one of the
newly learnt idioms, etc. (Nurul Asri &Rochmawati, 2017). Some of the tactics will be reviewed
and supplemented further in this paper, where Russian learners were chosen as a target audience.
Rita Mae Brown’s veracious statement, ‘Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you
where its people come from and where they are going,’ accentuates one of the main delectable
language learning aspects about exploring one more new culture. Nurul Asri & Rochmawati (2017)
asserted, ‘since idioms constitute an important cultural element of language, learning them would
be guidance for understanding the humor and character of that nation.’ This view was supported by
Doğan (1998), who stated that idioms reflect nation’s ideology, its lifestyle, ambient conditions,
customs and beliefs, moral principles by which society coheres – in one word, ‘its material and
spiritual culture’. Being reflectors of each languages inner structure and semantic features, idioms
not only can display the way that nation thinks, even the essence of their jokes and inventions, but
also represent significance from the aspect of literature and folklore in association with linguistics.
Enticing cultural background may substantially contribute to increase learners’ incentives to
investigate marvelous world of idioms, for the simple reason that inquisitiveness about discovering
new things is powerful trigger that possibly will lead to remarkable results. As Russian’s cultural
heritage sharply differs from English traditions, teaching idioms in the context of cultural
exploration would be very productive, positively resulting in the level of comprehension and
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memorization. Familiarizing students with idiom’s origin story, in what kind of circumstances it
emerged and how it developed in course of time can be conducted using colorful presentations,
memes, caricatures and anecdotic pictures. The reason behind using comical visuals is that
information tends to be better remembered when it associates with vivid emotions and laughter is
considered to be on the top of list. For example, expression ‘turn a blind eye’, which means
deliberately ignoring undesirable information, has very interesting derivation with historical
background. This phrase is often attributed to the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801, when Vice
Admiral Horatio Nelson, who was blind in his right eye, said his famous words, ‘I have only one
eye, so I have the right to be blind sometimes’. It was like this: when commanding officer Hyde
Parker sent a signal to Nelson ordering to withdraw, the later one lifted telescope to his blind eye,
saying ‘I really do not see the signal’. Well-intentioned Admiral acted sagely, overlooking the
command, and eventually achieved his purpose. As it has been mentioned earlier, connecting
learning process to particular culture or historical event can be really effective technique, but
sometimes difficulties with accurate interpretation of idioms may take place because of
dissimilarities in world views of different societies. In order to understand meaning of metaphors
from other languages, people tend to ‘transplant their own cognitive mode of a metaphor into
another’, which causes misconception in cross-cultural communication (Fei, 2005). As Al-Shawi &
Mahadi (2012) stated, elucidation of idioms requires ‘enhancing cross-cultural awareness and open-
minded understanding of the culture of the observing language’.
To make the learning process of English idioms less complicated for Russians, it is suggested
to categorize idioms in the following way:
English idioms that have completely identical Russian equivalents (e.g. ‘to burn bridges’ –
«сжигать мосты», ‘cross the Rubicon’ – «перейти Рубикон», ‘wolf in sheep’s clothing’ – «волк в
овечьей шкуре», ‘a skeleton in the closet’ – «скелет в шкафу», ‘to look for a needle in a haystack’
– «искать иголку в стоге сена», ‘play with fire’ – «играть с огнём», ‘no smoke without fire’ –
«нет дыма без огня», ‘don’t look a gift horse in the mouth’ – «дареному коню в зубы не
смотрят», ‘to be or not to be’ – «быть или не быть», ‘marriages are made in heaven’ – «браки
совершаются на небесах», etc.);
English idioms that have nearly the same Russian equivalents, in structure of which only
some of the words are different (e.g. ‘as like as two peas’ – «похожи как две капли воды», ‘a
storm in a tea-cup’- «буря в стакане воды», ‘to buy a pig in a poke’ – «купить кота в мешке»,
‘the reverse side of the coin’- «обратная сторона медали», ‘to kill two birds with a one stone’ –
«убить одним выстрелом двух зайцев», ‘curiosity killed the cat’ – «любопытному Варваре на
базаре нос оторвали», ‘as cool as cucumber’ – «спокоен как удав», ‘the rotten apple injures its
neighbors’- «паршивая овца всё стадо портит», ‘to make a mountain out of a molehill’ – «делать
из мухи слона», ‘drop in the ocean/ in the bucket’ – «капля в море» , etc.) (Shibzukhov, 2019);
English idioms that have Russian equivalents with completely different structure and
constituents (e.g. ‘when pigs fly’ – «когда рак на горе свистнет», «после дождичка в четверг»,
‘it rains like cats and dogs’ – «льёт как из ведра», ‘as sure as eggs is eggs’ – «как дважды два»,
‘to draw the wool over someone’s eyes’ – «водить кого-либо за нос», ‘rolling in money’ – «денег
куры не клюют», ‘to sit twiddling one’s thumbs’ – «плевать в потолок», ‘as thick as thieves’ –
«не разлей вода », ‘that’s the heart of the matter’ – «вот где собака зарыта», ‘cannot hold a
candle to someone’ – «в подмётки не годится», etc.).
There is a high possibility that division of idioms on the aforementioned categories will
ameliorate the learning process, making those enigmatic phrases more accessible and approachable.
First group idioms with certainty can be included to the list of the easiest idioms for Russians,
because they have exactly the same analogues in Russian language. As students are already familiar
with this sort of idioms (they have perfect knowledge of them, ranging from their precise meanings
to situations when those idioms must be used), there is even no need to put efforts to learn them.
Regarding the rest, the second group does not present complication either in contradistinction to the
third one, where all intricate, vague and recondite idioms are assembled, and acquisition of them
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should be implemented through more fascinating strategies than finding similarities in idiomatical
structure of two languages.
To conclude, idioms are one of the most essential components of language, which carry with
them all its picturesqueness, richness and cultural uniqueness. As idioms are considered to be
proficiency level indicators, they cannot be disregarded while learning any foreign language. It is
necessary for both students and teachers to realize importance of idioms, to deal with them in
innovative ways and never neglect them because of acquisition difficulties. As far as Russian
leaners, there are plenty of methods to learn English idioms with ease, including exploration of
idiom’s origin story, its cultural background and finding resembling idioms in their mother tongue.
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