Lesson 1 The Noun (Ot)

Noun formed from adjectives

-age	e.g. pack – package	-ance	e.g. important – importance
-al	e.g. refuse – refusal	-cy	e.g. vacant – vacancy
-ance	e.g. accept – acceptance	-ence	e.g. competent – competence
-ation	e.g. realise – realisation	-ion	e.g. desolate – desolation
-ence	e.g. differ – difference	-ness	e.g. lonely – loneliness
-ion	e.g. revise – revision	-ity	e.g. formal – formality
-ment	e.g. enjoy – enjoyment	-ty	e.g. loyal – loyalty
-sion	e.g. comprehend – comprehension	-y	e.g. modest – modesty
-sis	e.g. hypnotise – hypnosis
-tion	e.g. prescribe – prescription

6. Otlar atoqli va turdosh otlarga ajratiladi:


Atoqli otlar
(Proper nouns)


Kishi, narsa va joylarga atab qo’yilgan nomlar atoqli otlardir. Ular hamma vaqt katta harf bilan yoziladi.Atoqli otlarga quyidagilar kiradi:
a)Kishi nomlari: Ali Baba, Pauline, Johnny Depp, Harry Potter, Robin Hood
b)Mamlakat va millat nomlari:


Country People Country People Pakistan- Pakistanis France- the French
Japan- the Japanese Thailand –Thais


c) Shahar, bino, inshoat nomlari:
Bangkok
New Delhi
Central Park
Paris
the Eiffel Tower


d) Hafta kunlari va oy nomlari:

Days (Kunlar)
Sunday(Yakshanba)
Monday(Dushanba)
Tuesday(Seshanba)
Wednesday(Chorshanba)
Thursday(Payshanba)
Friday(Juma)
Saturday(Shanba)
Months (Oy nomlari)
January
February
March
April
May
June

e) Tog’, dengiz, okean, daryo, ko’l nomlari:
Niagara Falls (Niagara sharsharasi)
the Thames(Temza daryosi)
Lake Michigan(Michigan ko’li
the Alps (Alp tog’lari)
the Himalayas(Himolay tog’lari)
the Dead Sea (O’lik dengiz)
the Pacific Ocean (Tinch okeani)
d)Bayram, festival nomlari:

Christmas-25-dekabr
Mother’s Day-8-mart
Memorial Day-9-may
April Fool’s Day-1-aprel

Turdosh otlar
(Common nouns)
Shaxs yoki buyumlarning umumiy nomini bildiruvchi otlar turdosh otlardir. Turdosh otlar quyidagi katta guruhlarga bo’linadi:
1.Guruh otlari(Class nouns) – bir guruhga oid kishilar va narsalarni ifodalaydi.Ular sanaladigan otlardir. Bu guruhga quyidagilar kiradi:
a) Shaxs uchun umumiy bo’lgan nomlar:

lawyer- advokat
aunt- xola
judge- sudya
Baker- nonvoy
Nurse- hamshira
Cook- oshpaz
Police officer – militsiya xodimi

b)Hayvon nomlari:

goose(g’oz)
cow (sigir)
hen(tovuq)
horse(ot)
dolphin
mouse(sichqon)
duck(o’rdak)
parrot(popugay )
fish(baliq)
shark(akula)
goat( echki)
whale(kit)

c) Joy nomlari:

airport
market(bozor)
cave(g’or)
mountain(tog’)
church(cherkov)
playground(o’yin maydonchasi
farm(ferma)
Restaurant
hill(tepalik)
hospital(kasalxona)
seashore(dengiz sohili)

d)Narsa nomlari:

kite(varrak)
box(quti)
Ladder(zina)
Bread(non)
Can( konserva quti)
Picture(rasm)
cup(chashka)
train(poyezd)
desk(parta)
truck(yuk mashinasi)

2.Jamlovchi otlar(Collective nouns) – bir-biriga o’xshash narsa yoki shaxslarning jamlanmasi.Jamlovchi otlarni quyidagi turlarga bo’linadi:
1) Faqatgina birlikda ishlatiladigan:
foliage-xazon
machinery
the public- tomoshabinlar
the bourgeoisie – burjuaziya
the peasantry-dehqonlar
the aristocracy
the clergy – ruhoniylar
the intellegensia
the nobility - ulamolar
2) Faqat ko’plikda ishlatiladigan:
people-odamlar
poultry-parranda
cattle- poda
police
gentry –mansabdorlar
militia - militsiya
3)Ham birlikda ham ko’plikda ishlatiladigan :

family-oila
crowd
nation
fleet
crew
jury
team
group
class
audience
committee
council
army
club
press
government
company

• 
  Group nouns such as jury, family, team, group, crew, crowd, class, audience, committee, council, army, club, press, government, company, etc.
  
• 
  When we mean the group as a unit. But we use plural verbs when we mean the individuals who make up the group.
  e.g. The jury is ready to give the verdict. (We mean the jury as a unit)
  The jury are all studying at the Park Hotel. (We mean the individual members of the jury.)
  

4) Ba’zi jamlovchi otlarga misollar

A crew – komanda (kema)
an orchestra – orkestr
an audience – tomoshabinlar
a band – musiqiy guruh
a choir – xor
a class – sinf
a gang – o’g’rilar jamoasi
a group – guruh
a team – sport komandasi

Izoh:
A)Bu so’zlar bilan birlikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi agar bir guruh butun bir birlik deb hisoblansa;
B)Agar shu guruhni tashkil qiladigan insonlar nazarda tutuilsa ko’plikdagi fe’l bilan ishlatiladi.

e)Quyidagi jamlovchi otlar kishi, hayvon va narsalarning guruhini bildiradi:

1. 
   a band of musicians- musiqachilar guruhi
   
2. 
   a brood of chicken- jo’jalar guruhi
   
3. 
   a school of tiny glittering fish-mitti yaltiroq baliqlar podasi
   
4. 
   a team of players- o’yinchilar komandasi
   
5. 
   a flight of steps- zinapoyalar
   
6. 
   a bunch of keys- kalitlar shodasi
   
7. 
   a class of pupils- o’quvchilar sinfi
   
8. 
   a collection of books- kitoblar uyumi
   
9. 
   a deck of cards- kartochkalar to’plami
   
10. 
    a fleet of ships- kemalar- qo’shini
    
11. 
    a flock of sheep,goats,birds- qo’ylar,echkilar,qushlar guruhi
    
12. 
    a gaggle of geese- g’ozlar guruhi
    
13. 
    a gang of robbers,thieves,criminals- qaroqchi, o’g’ri va jinoyatchilar to’dasi
    
14. 
    a herd of cattle,deer,goats,elephants- qo’y-qo’zilar,ohular,echkilar, fillar podasi
    
15. 
    a litter of cubs-chaqaloqlar guruhi
    
16. 
    a pod of whales- kitlar uyumi
    
17. 
    a pack of wolves,hounds- bo’rilar,shoqollar to’dasi
    
18. 
    a pride of lions- sherlar to’dasi
    
19. 
    a set of stamps- markalar- kolleksiyasi
    
20. 
    a swarm of bees, ants, locusts- arilar, chumolilar, termitlar to’dasi
    
21. 
    a troupe of actors- aktyorlar truppasi
    
22. 
    a colony of ants- chumolilar koloniyasi
    
23. 
    a troop of monkeys –maymunlar guruhi