Lecture 2 translation history in the west and in the east. Plan: translation history in the west

TRANSLATION IN THE XVI CENTURY
XVI century is famous for its translations in spite of different wars. Scholars tried to develop every field of science. According to written books, translation of Latin drama played great role.
Philemon Holland (1552-1637), English scholar and translator translated «The history of the World», commonly called «The Natural Historic of C. Plinius Secundus», and published in 1634. In this book he touched upon the language problems. P. Holland was against the use of foreign words of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew in translation. He appreciated the translations in which the linguistic peculiarities of the English were followed. In his book «On the way of Translating well from One Language into Another», published in 1540 he gave five rules of good translation:
First, the translator must understand the perfection of the meaning and the subject matter of the author he translates.
The second, required in translation is that the translator should
know the language of the author he translates to perfection and that he should have achieved the same excellence in the language he wants to translate into. In that way he will neither violate nor denigrate the splendor of the language or the other.
The third is that when you translate you should not enter into
slavery to the point of rendering word for word. Whoever translates in this way does so because his mind is poor and deficient. If he possesses the qualities mentioned above (and a good translator must possess them) he will work with sentences and not care about the order of the words, and he will see to it that the author's intention is expressed while miraculously preserving the characteristics of both languages.
The fourth rule he wanted to offer here must be observed with greater diligence in languages that have not yet become established in the field of art than in others. He would call the following languages not yet established in the field of art: French, Italian, Spanish, German, English and other vulgar tongues. If you translate a Latin book into one of these languages be satisfied with common usage and do not foolishly introduce novelties spawned by curiosity, which can only be called reprehensible.
The fifth rule, a good translator needs to observe. It is such an
important rule that all compositions are heavy and unpleasant without it.
At the end of the XVI century George Chapman a poet and playwright was the first to translate Homer into English. One of the English dramatist and translator of the XVI century George Chapman’s (1559-1634) translation of Homer remained the Standard English translation for two centuries.
In the XVI century works were began to be written by eastern spirit in English Literature. «Great Temurlane» (1587) dramma, which was written by Shakespear’s master C. Marlowe, will be bright example of that. This work is the first great literal monument of English Renaissance stage. The work was written by the materials of Central Asia. C. Marlowe took that information from different sources. In the XV-XVI centuries both in the East and West some legends and stories about the Great Temur were created.
A book named after «Temurlane - the Skiffs’ king» was published in Latin in the XVI century. Besides it, there is a book «Temur’s tuzuks» which describes Amir Temur’s life and became famous in the East and West and was translated into several foreign languages. This book was translated into English in 1830, into Urdu in 1845, into Russian in 1894. But in Temur’s motherland in his native country it was published only in 1991. The book first was written in Turkic and one copy was kept by the governor of Yemen.
English travelers, businessmen - diplomats continued connection with East through Russia. Two cultural centers of ancient Movaraunnahr: Samarkand and Bukhara were the centers of international commerce. J. Gersey and A. Jennicson came to Bukhara and Urgench through Moscow (XVI cen.) and tried to set diplomatic links together with trade. One could meet a lot of Arabic and Turkic (an old Uzbek language) words in their memories and time-by-time absorbed in English.