Lecture 2 translation history in the west and in the east. Plan: translation history in the west

Translation in the I -VIII centuries
Translation in that remote epoch could be observed, for example, in the creative activity of one of the famous statesman — Alfred the king of Wessex. He translated specially chosen works from Latin into the Wessex dialect of the English language for the purpose of enlightenment. It is typical that the translation of the Bible into local languages was stipulated by a reformed movement - a blow to Catholic Rome’s prestige and social economical progress in the Western European countries followed by the collapse of feudalism, the rise of national cultures and the epoch of Renaissance.
In the VII century monks from Ireland came to Italy. They brought their own libraries with them. They enlightened the works of Aristotle, Demosthenes, Cicero, Gracie, Vergili, Lucretius, Ovid, Venal, and etc. Irish monks opened new schools, rewrote the manuscripts and were possibly busy with translations into Latin.
In the reign of Karl the Great (768-814) the first flourishing was observed or it was called «The Caroling Renaissance». Many scientists from Italy, Spain, Ireland and England were invited at that time. Karl the Great opened monastery schools, organized special committee that checked the mistakes. Many poems, sacred works, chronicles were written. A scientific group existed by the royal court, was named «The Academy of Karl the Great». The translation was mentioned.
Questions:

1. 
   What are the main changes in translation in the I-VIII centuries?
   
2. 
   How was the development of translation in the period between III and V centuries?
   
3. 
   Can show any differences of translation principles existing in the VIII century?
   
4. 
   Why many translators didn’t realize the difference of language between original and translation? (this concerns to religious texts of the II-IV centuries)
   
5. 
   What was the role of translation in the period of Renaissance?
   
6. 
   How translation thoughts were spread in other parts of Europe?
   
7. 
   Why monks from Ireland translated some religious texts when they came to Italy?
   
8. 
   Do you know the Academy of Karl the Great?