Lecture 2 translation history in the west and in the east. Plan: translation history in the west

Abulkasim Mahmud bin Umar Zamahshari, nicknamed «fahri Horazm» (the pride of Horazm) lived in the XII century. He was the first in Central Asia who made Arabic-Persian dictionary «Mukaddimatul adab» (Introduction to the belles - letters). Persian translation of the Arabic words and commentaries to them were given in the book of Zamahshari, and also the bases of Arabic grammar were set forth. In the next century this book was translated into Uzbek language by one of the famous translators of that time. The analysis of his works helps the learning of translation in Uzbekistan, because he used in his works many terms from the field of agriculture and trade, which were translated by him from other languages.
Yusuf hos hojib. His «Kutadgu bilig» plays a very important role in studying of ancient Uzbek language, history of literature and history of translation.
In the XII-XIII centuries Al-Farghony’s works were translated into Latin and other languages of Europe. His books are used in European Universities as the main textbook.
It should be noted that valuable work «Kalila and Dimna» which was written in the III-IV centuries of BC, first was translated into Uzbek in the XIII century. Amir Shaykh Akhmad (Suhayli is his penname) was one of the amirs of Sultan Khusain Boyqoro. He ordered to Voiz Koshifi to translate «Kalila and Dimna» into Persian. After the translation «Kalila and Dimna» got the name «Anvari Suhayli» and was widely spread in Central Asia.
Questions

1. 
   What role do XI-XIII centuries play in the epoch of translation?
   
2. 
   Which translators were so active in this period?
   
3. 
   What was the main translation principle in the XI-XIII centuries?
   
4. 
   What dictionaries were created?
   

Translation in the XIV-XV centuries
Poet Ganjavi’s work of «Panj-Ganj» which consists eposes of "Khusrav and Shirin", "Mahzanul asror" and "Iskandarnoma" and those eposes were translated into Uzbek in the middle of the XIV and at the beginning of the XV centuries.
Uzbek classic poet Kutb Horazmi translated Ganjavi's «Khisrav and Shirin» from Persian into Uzbek with great skill and made a great contribution to our verse treasure. Kutb Khorazmi's translation was the only fundamental and translated with high skill among the translations of the X and XIV centuries. The outstanding poet and translator lived in the middle of the XIV century. In 1340 he translated the poem «Husrav and Shirin» by N. Ganjavi into the Uzbek language. This translation of Kutb Horazmi was the most considerable translated work of art literature during the period of X-XIV centuries. In his translation Kutb Horazmi used all richness of Uzbek language skillfully.
Sayfi Saroyi (1323, Khorazm — 1396, Alexandria). He was an Uzbek translator. He learned Persian and Arabic languages, literature, folklore and wrote lyric poems. He translated "Gulistan" of Sa'di into Uzbek when he lived in Egypt (1390-1391). S. Saroiy's translation is differed from other translations with its completeness.