Lecture 2 translation history in the west and in the east. Plan: translation history in the west

Percy Bysshe Shelly (1792-1822) was an English poet, thinker and translator. He in «A defense of poetry» (written in 1821, published in 1840) spoke about the vanity of translation, the formal principles of its color and adore.
German poet, dramatist, novelist Johan Wolfgang von Goethe in «Book of West and East» spoke about three kinds of translation:
The first acquaints us with foreign countries on our own terms. A simple prosaic translation is the best in this respect. Since prose totally cancels all peculiarities of any kind of poetic art and since prose itself pulls poetic enthusiasm down to a kind of common ware-level, it performs the greatest service in the beginning, by surprising us with foreign excellence.
The second follows in which the translator really only tries to appropriate foreign content and reproduce, it in his own sense, even though he tries to transport himself into foreign situations.
The third, which could be called the highest and final one, namely the one in which the aim is to make the original identical with the translation.
Questions:

1. 
   What A. Lemaistre highlighted in his book “Rules of French translation”?
   
2. 
   Who wrote commentaries of Ibn Sina’s works in the XVII century?
   
3. 
   Why England and France attempted to conquer Asia and what was the role of translation in conquering?
   
4. 
   Who was W. Johns?
   
5. 
   What eastern writers’ works were translated by W. Johns?
   
6. 
   Why B. Shelly and Carlyle evaluated translation so highly?
   

10. How did Goethe explain three kinds of translation?
TRANSLATION IN THE XIX CENTURY
At the beginning of the XIX century «Tutinoma», «Regveda» (shaykh Inayatulla), «Chor Darvesh», «Guliston» (Sa’diy), «Shahnama» (Firdausi), «Baburnama», Khuja Khafir, J. Rumiy, F. Attar’s gazels (lyric verses) were translated, then Umar Khayyam, Mirza Shafe, Jamiy, Nizamiy’s works were published one by one in England. Especially, U. Khayyam, Sa’diy and Hofiz’s works found a way to the English readers’ heart, became lovely poets of them.