Lecture 2 translation history in the west and in the east. Plan: translation history in the west

Questions:

1. 
   Why schools were so important for cultural life of the English?
   
2. 
   What universities were established in the XI and XII centuries?
   
3. 
   How Toledo Translation School was organized?
   
4. 
   What was the literal connection between French and English?
   
5. 
   By what principle were chivalrous novels translated (XII century)?
   
6. 
   How was translation developed in Roman Empire (XII century)?
   

TRANSLATION IN THE XIII CENTURY
In the reign of Hacon IV, in XIII c., there were the translations of French chivalrous novels, prosaic sagas. They were word for word translations. Actually, there is little information about translators, though Hacon himself ordered to translate French novel about Tristan written by Tom in 1175. Later it was named «Saga about Tristan and Isond». There were also such translations as «Saga about Alice and Rosamound», «Saga about Karl the Great and his knights», «Saga about Event».
Aristip Palermo translated Plato’s works «Phedon» and «Menon» into Latin. He also translated Ptolomey’s work from Arabian into Latin. The translation had spread widely and influenced on the formation of the medieval astronomic system. There were other translators too who translated Avicena, Aristotle’s works.
King Alfonso (1226-1284) was also busy with translations. In his reign Spanish prose was appeared. He invited many translators, sculptures, architects and scientists. «The first General Chronicle» and «General History» were created with the help of the king. In the XIII century «Kalila and Dimna», «Harlem and Ioasaf», «Syndbadnama» were translated. Alfonso was interested in the quality of translation and very often he himself corrected mistakes. Alfonso was a father of Castilian prose.
Questions:

1. 
   How translation was developed in the XIII century?
   
2. 
   Who were translators of the XIII century?
   
3. 
   Who was Roger Bacon and what were his thoughts about translation?
   
4. 
   What books (sagas) were translated into English?
   
5. 
   What were the main translation principles used in the XIII century?
   
6. 
   Why Christianity’s influence still prolonged deeply into translator’s work?