Lecture 2 translation history in the west and in the east. Plan: translation history in the west

TRANSLATION IN THE XIV CENTURY
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) was one of the most prominent poets in the history of English literature and also was busy with translations.
His trips to Flandria, France and especially Italy, which he had during his diplomatic missions, played a vital part in the Geoffrey Chaucer's creation. In Italy he met Boccaccio and Petrark. The creation of the poet conventionally is divided into the period of the French influences (1359-1372), the Italian influences (1372-1356) and the final English period.
A creative activity of Chaucer began with the translation; he translated the poem «A novel about Rose».
In the XIV c. the English literature became more independent and there were fewer borrowings from French literature. The translation of Bible by John Wickliffe in 1384 can serve as an example.
Noble ladies, Elizabeth Nassau and Heleonor Austrian, were first women translators in the history of translation. They made translations of French chivalrous novels too («Pont and Sydonia», «Gouge Shapelier»). They used free rendering in their works.
Questions

1. 
   What changes can you see in the XIV century in the sphere of translation?
   
2. 
   How many translators lived in this century? Give some of them.
   
3. 
   How did G. Chaucer treat with translation?
   
4. 
   Which of Natural sciences were translated a lot during XIV-XV centuries?
   
5. 
   Who was the translator of Bible in the XIV century?
   
6. 
   Can you name lady-translators of the XIV century?
   

TRANSLATION IN THE XV CENTURY
From the XV century translations from the Greek language were appeared. The works concerning haunting, agriculture and medicine took the main place among translations.
William Caxton (1422-1491) was the first English printer. At that time Bruges was a large cultural centre, many writers - translators, typists, artists, miniaturists and bookbinders lived there; Literature and poetry flourished there too. In the middle of the XV century he began translating the histories about Troy from the French language. In 1474 he finished this translation and that year he printed it himself. Then he published 2 more books.
We can make a conclusion that in England translation developed rapidly during the period of the X-XV centuries. Translation studies brought together work in a wide variety of fields, including linguistics, literary study, history, anthropology, psychology and economics. During these centuries such great translators, scientists, as Ælfric, Adelrad, Galfrid, R. Bacon J. Wickliffe, Geoffrey Chaucer, J. Lidgeit, W. Caxton and many other translators appeared. They made a great contribution to the world translation art, enriched English culture.
Questions:

1. 
   How translation found its place in the XV century?
   
2. 
   Who were famous translators of the XV century?
   
3. 
   What for do we appraise Caxton?
   
4. 
   How can we differentiate translation principles of the XV century than others?