Lecture 2 translation history in the west and in the east. Plan: translation history in the west

Edward Fitzgerald (1809-1883) was an English translator and a poet. He translated Rubaiyyat of Umar Khayyam in 1859. After translation he amused and wrote that the original Rubaiyyat is independent stanzas, consisting of four lines of equal.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828-1882) was an English poet and a painter. In the book «Dante and His Circle» he wrote about the task of the translator:
The task of the translator is one of some self-denial. He uses any
special grace of his own idiom and epoch, if only his will belonged to him. For his author's cadence: often the beautiful turn of a stanza must be weakened to adopt some rhyme.
Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) was an English poet and a translator. In «On Translating Homer» he gave an advice to translators:
«My one object is to give practical advice to a translator; and I
shall not the least concern myself with theories of translation as such. But I advice to the translator not to try «to rear on the basis of the Iliad, a poem that shall affect our countrymen as the original may be conceived to have affected its natural hearers» and for this simple reason, that we cannot possibly tell how the Iliad «affected its natural hearers»».
Victor Hugo (1802-1885) was a French novelist, a poet and a
dramatist, wrote the preface for the Shakespeare translations. He wrote: «when a translation is offered to a nation, that nation will almost always look on the translation as an act of violence against itself. To translate a foreign writer is to add to his national poetry: such a widening of the horizon does not please those who profit from it. The first reaction is one of rebellion If a foreign idiom is transplanted into a language in this way, that language will do all it can to reject that foreign idiom».
Questions:

1. 
   Can you consider that XIX century is the century of continuation of the previous one by the translation point of view?
   
2. 
   Why the XIX century is so famous by its translations?
   
3. 
   By whom rubaiyyat of U. Khayyam was translated?
   
4. 
   Why the task of a translator is important?
   
5. 
   Who were M. Arnold and V. Hugo?
   
6. 
   How Shakespeare’s works were translated in the XIX century?
   
7. 
   What translation problems arose in this century?
   
8. 
   Why scientists tried to make new discoveries in the sphere of translation?