tive: the represented character, or a set of characters, is displayed for our
contemplation and consideration. Such portrayals illustrate, celebrate,
exemplify or commemorate. If the image is single, our attention is drawn to
the attributes that make up the whole. An example of a single, descriptive
image is obviously the meditating Buddha (Figure 7.6).
His eyes are closed, and his meditative pose constructs a closed circuit –
no vectors point off elsewhere. He is literally at one with himself. If the
image is a set of non-interacting characters, like the horsemen, we interpret
them as a connected group and may seek (or be told) the criteria which cate-
gorises them: here they are all agents of destruction.
Some images, or elements of the image, may be symbolic: they are
presented for our contemplation, either because they are particularly sig-
nificant or because they have a conventional symbolic value. A portrait of
an academic often shows a book as an accompaniment; a portrait of a
musician will have a musical instrument. A portrayal of a man and woman
alongside a bitten apple will prompt interpretations based on religious
conventions. The bitten apple reappears as the logo of Apple computers,
wittily suggesting a taste of the same forbidden knowledge as the religious
symbol does – but also demonstrating the secularisation of Christian art in
Western culture. Often in an image, the symbolic element will be lit
Developing Visual Literacy
157
Figure 7.6
Buddha
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specially, or pointed at, or presented in the foreground of the picture. On
my computer screen, the apple icon appears at top left: marginal, but in the
ideal/given position, a position of power from which all else on the screen
proceeds.
Alternatively a symbolic ‘atmosphere’ can be given to an image by
softening the focus, controlling the colour or shading – giving, for example,
a cold blue tone to an institutional setting, or a warm, rosy glow to a
domestic setting. In classic Hollywood films and some television soap
operas, certain characters, usually women, are portrayed in soft-focus at
key moments. In films such as
Casablanca
, the leading actress is shown in
soft-focus to signify moments of heightened romantic interest; while in the
1980s television soap
Dallas
, the same technique was used on Barbara Bel
Geddes, who played the matriarch, Miss Ellie. In this case the symbolic
softening indicated not romantic interest but the mediating maternal
values which acted as a counterbalance to the ruthless materialism of her
offspring and their generation.
The example of soft-focus serves to remind us that visual images do not
have a fixed, pre-determined meaning – they suggest through conventions
assigned to them by a culture, and they are amenable to change and adapta-
tion. When considering the cultural significance of an image, we have to
pay attention to its context and the purpose for which it is being used.
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