10.5.2
Backup and Replacement Satellites
We have spoken about a satellite launch as a discrete event taken out of a general
context. In reality, the satellite operator has to consider not just one but many
satellites. A system that depends entirely on the successful launch of one spacecraft
is a system that is taking a decided gamble. However, commercial business and
government operations as well need to view their position as that of absorbing
risk so that the ultimate users are not themselves having to gamble on a successful
launch. (In spite of that, using organizations may find it prudent to arrange for
alternative capacity from one or another satellite system.) The fundamental way
to improve the probability of success is through diversity, which simply means the
satellite operator needs to have multiple ways to deliver service besides the space-
craft involved in the specific launch of the moment. That is easier for established
operators with many working satellites and more difficult (but not impossible) for
newcomers to the business.
Diversity can represent a high barrier in financial and operational terms and
is a discriminator in the marketplace. There obviously are many approaches and
options for providing diversity, and there are price tags to go with them. The most
basic package is to purchase, along with the spacecraft, either a second backup
spacecraft or major portions of one. Then, in the event of launch failure, the second
spacecraft can be readied (or completed, as the case may be) for a second launch.
The LV also must be made available for the second try, which is something that
can be accommodated in the LSA. If the first launch is successful, the backup can
be placed in storage until it is needed to expand capacity or deal with an on-orbit
failure.
The use of the second and subsequent spacecraft for expansion also ties in
with providing on-orbit diversity. That is the most common approach to both
developing a growing business and reducing risk for the operator and its customers.
As a general practice, operators tend to utilize all their on-orbit resources to provide
revenue-producing service. However, there could be excess reserved capacity for
use for restoration of primary services in the event of launch or on-orbit failure.
Then the operator can use the insurance proceeds to initiate construction of a
replacement on a more methodical (and leisurely) basis. The objective is to better
manage risk so that operations and finances are evened out over the long term.
This section has been only a brief introduction to the subject of risk manage-
ment. No one can determine the particular risk environment and remedies better
than the satellite operator itself. Individual situations differ greatly and depend on
10.5
Risk Management in Launch and Operation
365
many factors, some of which are under the operator’s control and others that
are not. For example, the approach taken by an established operator with many
functioning satellites already in service is much different from that of a new operator
just starting out. Also, a different approach must be taken by a private company
that has investors or public stockholders, who must be protected from financial
downside losses, in constrast to a government organization that may be more
concerned about the risk of not being able to service a vital need. Another important
point is that all LVs are not the same because their reliability records differ, both
in absolute terms and over time. Also, what seems to be a simple change in a rocket
configuration (such as adding a different stage or changing some design feature)
may have a significant impact on launch success. Those issues demand the greatest
attention of all levels of management. It is well worth the time, effort, and resources
to find and maintain the most effective risk management strategy.
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