10.5
Risk Management in Launch and Operation
361
must be consistent with the overall project schedule. Prior to the start of launch
site activities, compatibility tests and rehearsals usually are carried out to verify
that things will fit together and that the launch itself will go smoothly. Those
activities require management attention by the three key parties to the agreements.
A detailed schedule is generated for the activities at the launch site. The
spacecraft contractor working at the site performs a series of checks and tests to
prepare the spacecraft for integration with the LV. Meanwhile, the launch agency
and the LV manufacturer assemble the LV and begin the process of payload
integration. Most Western expendable LVs are integrated with their payloads
vertically on the launch pads; Russian and Chinese LVs are integrated horizontally.
The program plan must deal with the availability of support services and
facilities at the launch site since the spacecraft contractor usually will not have
its own facility nearby. The launch agency that operates the site may provide those
services as part of the cost of the launch itself; otherwise, a separate agreement
must be entered into with whatever organization happens to have the ability to
provide that support. Critical activities at the site include payload mating, electrical
system checks, fueling of the spacecraft RCS, and the attachment of any external
rocket motors.
While many of the responsibilities can be delegated to the spacecraft manufac-
turer, the ultimate responsibility for the mission direction lies with the buyer of
the launch service, often the prospective satellite operator. The buyer’s mission
director, working for the launch services buyer, is positioned at the launch control
center and is consulted by the launch agency and its launch team. The launch
director works for the launch agency and commands the team that executes the
actual launch. The launch director, however, will not agree to launch without the
consent of the mission director.
Following liftoff and after the spacecraft separates from the LV, all control
reverts to the buyer and the subcontractors. This is the transfer orbit phase
(described in detail at the beginning of this chapter). As part of the program plan
and preparation, the mission direction and TT&C support around the world should
have been tested by rehearsals and simulations well ahead of the actual mission.
It is also a good idea to have contingency plans to deal with the unexpected. For
example, a TT&C site in a remote part of the world may experience an equipment
failure just prior to the time of need. Contingency plans can be incorporated into
the mission analysis performed by the orbital dynamics group so that tracking and
commanding can be accomplished in a number of different ways. In any case, it
is important to have the full operational and analytical capability available at all
times during the initial phases of the mission.
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