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The study of language variation involves examining the complex interplay between the
influence of the social characteristics of speakers (such as their gender or ethnicity) and
the influence of the speech situation on the language they use (Holmes, 2001).
Traditional sociolinguistic research demonstrates how people choose different
pronunciations, grammars or vocabularies according to how they identify themselves:
man or woman, middle or lower class, black or white, and so forth. In addition, the
different social contexts in which they find themselves influence their language choice.
Factors such as the social distance between speakers, formality (or not) of the setting or
the topic of the conversation are all reflected in participants‟ language choices.
Recently, sociolinguistic research has sought to move beyond the traditional boundaries
of pronunciation, grammar and lexis to explore variation in interactional features such
as turn-taking, narrative or topic. In addition, sociolinguistic research has also begun to
investigate features of the pragmatic system of a language, for example, politeness. The
sections that follow provide a detailed examination of the study of sociolinguistics
applied to family discourse. Firstly, the influence of situational features will be
examined and this will be followed by an analysis of the primary social features at play
in the present study – gender, age, ethnicity and social class. While the contribution of
traditional sociolinguistic research will be acknowledged, the focus will instead be on
interactional and pragmatic features, with particular reference made to corpus linguistic
studies where possible. The present study will also be evaluated in light of previous
contributions to research into family discourse.
2.2.1 Micro-social factors
and family discourse
According to Holmes (2001: 7):
In any community the distinguishable varieties (or codes) which are available for use in
different social contexts form a kind of repertoire of available options. The members of
each community have their distinctive
linguistic repertoires
. In other words in every
community there is a range of varieties from which people select according to the context
in which they are communicating.
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As previously stated, one of the primary aims of this study is to determine whether or
not the individual families have a common shared pragmatic repertoire (see Section
3.5). It will be hypothesised that similarities between the families‟ shared linguistic
repertoire are due, in part, to their shared „local‟ characteristics.
These characteristics are
particular to the context of family discourse. The relationship between language features
and their context of occurrence is called
register
(McCarthy, 1998). Register variation is
generally associated with the work of Biber throughout the years (for example, Biber,
1988, 1995). Biber
et al.
(1999: 15) define registers as „varieties relating to different
circumstances and purposes‟. These registers are delimited in non-linguistic terms, with
respect to situational characteristics such as mode, interactiveness, domain,
communicative purpose or topic. This results in language varieties being classified in
terms of registers such as academic English, legal English, crime fiction and, of course,
family discourse.
Rühlemann (2007: 7) maintains that „one crucial characteristic of register is its intimate
relationship with the type of situation in which it is used.‟ Biber
et al
. (1999) developed
a matrix of situational characteristics that distinguish one register from another and this
is applied to family discourse in Table 2.1.
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