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1.0
Introduction to the study
Many people in Western society, indeed worldwide, consider family living as the most
important aspect of their lives (Bernardes, 1997). Families are an integral part of society
and, therefore, one could logically infer that family discourse should form an integral
part of the study of linguistics. Yet family discourse, and indeed other areas of intimate
discourse such as that between partners or spouses, seems to have been relatively
neglected by linguists for a number of reasons. Primary among these is the difficulty
linguists have traditionally faced in collecting intimate data (McCarthy, 1998).
People in
contemporary society view family life as intensely private and so are unwilling to allow
linguists to intrude upon it. This problem is in a sense amplified in the present study as
the Irish Traveller Community are probably the most marginalised community in Irish
society (Pavee Point, 2005a). However, access problems should not, and, indeed cannot,
provide linguists with an excuse not to adequately attempt a description of the
typography of all instances of everyday, habitual spoken language. One criticism of
small-scale corpus linguistic studies, of which the present study is an example, is that
there are difficulties associated with generalising any findings therein (see Chapter 4).
However, generalisations about language based on large data samples comprised of
easily accessible (and financially lucrative) spoken discourse types may be critiqued for
their bias towards that very data. Moreover, large-scale corpus analysis tends to treat
language as a homogenous entity, largely ignoring the insights that can be provided
from approaches such as sociolinguistics which take an a priori more heterogeneous
view. It is argued here that small corpora are the ideal starting point for a research
conversation about intimate spoken discourse. This study is, therefore, an attempt to
begin this conversation in some way and perhaps provide an opening for
further study in
order that our bank of knowledge may grow.
In addition, interaction with one’s family is so habitual for many of us that it is easy to
forget the fundamental importance of family discourse. Varenne (1992: 13), in an
ethnographic study of an American family, offers an interesting insight into the nature
of family discourse:
4
for a person’s language experience. Therefore, the family constitutes one of the primary
sites where people first learn, amongst other things, the rules of conversation. The
family also functions as a primary unit of language socialisation. Blum-Kulka (1997a:
3) maintains that ‘to become
competent conversationalists, children
have to learn how to
choose and introduce topics for talk, respond appropriately, tell a story or develop an
argument.’ The present study argues that the home is the site for the establishment of a
pragmatic ‘base’ which provides family members with the linguistic competence that
enables them to move beyond the home into the wider society. Moreover, Wolfram and
Schilling-Estes (2006: 101) maintain that ‘some of the major areas of social dissonance
and conflict among different social and ethnic groups in American society are directly
tied to people’s failure to understand that different groups have different language-use
conventions.’ Therefore, it is hoped that the study of the pragmatic
practices of two Irish
families with different social and ethnic backgrounds may contribute in some way
towards addressing any linguistic misconceptions that may be held either by settled
people about Travellers or vice versa.
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