Governmental examinatios’ answers made by Ali ibn Habibulloh al Ansaari fifth course

What Religions are there in the UK?

The official religion of England is Christianity, as practised by the Church of England (Anglican). The Church in Wales is also Anglican. In Scotland the official Church is the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. Other Christians include the Roman Catholics and the Methodists. Britain is a multi faith society in which everyone has the right to religious freedom. Although Britain is historically a Christian society, people are usually very tolerant towards the faiths of others and those who have no religious beliefs.

Religion in Britain today

The main religion in Britain is Christianity. Most Christians belong to the Church of England or the Church of Scotland. These are Protestant Churches. There are also many Roman Catholics.

Who is the head of the Church of England?

The Queen is head of the Church of England. Although religious faith in Britain is predominantly Christian, most of the world’s religions are also practiced. There are large Hindu, Jewish, Muslim and Sikh communities, and also smaller communities of Bahá’í, Buddhists, Jains, and Zoroastrians, as well as followers of new religious movements.

Christianity (59.5%) No religion (25.7%) Not stated (7.2%) Islam (4.4%) Hinduism (1.3%) Other religions (1.9%)

1. 
   The infinitive after verbs
   

The infinitive has some properties of the verb. The infinitive names an action (to drive a car) or state (to be sick), but cannot show person, number, or mood. The infinitive has active and passive forms (to take; to be taken) and can express voice and time, though in a rather limited way.

The infinitive can be part of the compound verbal predicate (She can drive; We must go) or part of the compound nominal predicate (His aim is to help you). The infinitive alone, without another verb, is generally not used as the predicate. If the verbs "make, help, see, hear" in such constructions are used in the passive voice, the infinitive after them keeps the particle "to": He was made to leave. She was helped to do it. He was seen to enter that building. He was heard to laugh. In this construction the infinitive serves as an object and stands immediately after the verb, usually after the following verbs: afford, agree, appear, ask, beg, begin, continue, decide, deserve, expect, fail, forget, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, threaten, try, want, would like.

He hopes to see them soon. Он надеется увидеться с ними скоро.

His daughter is learning to drive. Его дочь учится водить.

I need to talk to him. Мне нужно поговорить с ним.

2. 
   Tajik Modern Literature
   

Tajiks share a literary heritage with other Persian-speaking peoples. Many important contributions to Persian literature emerged from Bukhoro (in present-day Uzbekistan) during the 9th and 10th centuries, when the city was an Islamic center of learning under a Persian dynasty, the Samanids. Several prominent cultural figures lived in Bukhoro during the 10th century, including Rudaki, who is venerated as the father of Persian poetry, and the Persian philosopher-scientist Avicenna.

A modern body of literature emerged from Bukhoro in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most notably with the works of Abdurauf Fitrat. A dramatist and teacher who also became active in nationalist politics, Fitrat wrote poems, tracts, dramas, and scholarly books in both the Tajik and Uzbek languages. His early work, including Munozira (Dispute, 1909) and Bayonoti sayyohi hindi (Statements of an Indian Traveler, 1911-1912), was concerned with Islam in the modern world and social and political reforms. During the Soviet period, Tajik novelist Sadriddin Ayni and poet Mirzo Tursunzoda gained widespread recognition. Tursunzoda won the Lenin Prize in 1960 for his poem Sadoi Osiyo (The Voice of Asia; 1956). In a tradition that is common throughout Central Asia, the epos (a partly historical and partly legendary poem) is performed to a melody by a minstrel. This tradition, which dates from prehistoric times, has preserved an ancient oral literature. Because the poems and stories are delivered orally rather than in written form, they were accessible to what used to be a largely illiterate population. [ad >] Are you lazy student? The smallest wireless audio headset will help you out! 6mm diameter (0.24 inch) - it hides inside ear completely and has no wires. Go to www.microearpiece.com to read about it. [< ad]Tajik literature and its history is bound up with the standardisation of the Tajik language. Tajik literary centres include the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand, currently in present day Uzbekistan but with a majority Tajik population.

During the Soviet era, the principal literary output was socialist realism in nature. Three writers dominated the first generation of Soviet Tajik literature. Sadriddin Aini (1878-1954), a Jadidist writer and educator who turned communist, began as a poet but wrote primarily prose in the Soviet era. His works include three major novels dealing with social issues in the region and memoirs that depict life in the Bukhoro Khanate. Aini became the first president of Tajikistan's Academy of Sciences.

Abu'l-Qasem Lahuti (1887-1957; in Tajik, Abdulqosim Lohuti) was an Iranian poet who emigrated to the Soviet Union for political reasons and eventually settled in Tajikistan. He wrote both lyric poetry and "socialist realist" verse. Another poet, Mirzo Tursunzoda (1911-77), collected Tajik oral literature, wrote poetry of his own about social change in Tajikistan, and turned out various works on popular political themes of the moment. Since the generation that included those three writers, Tajikistan has produced numerous poets, novelists, short story writers, and playwrights.

1. 
   Neither, nor, not only.
   

Correlative conjunctions are pairs such as neither . . . nor, not . . . only, and but . . . also. These conjunctions connect two balanced clauses, phrases, or words.

The two elements that correlative conjunctions connect are usually similar in length and grammatical structure.

Here are a few example sentences containing correlative conjunctions:

either . . . or

We can go to either Greece or Spain for our holiday.

It’s my final offer – you can either take it or leave it.

both . . . and

Both rugby and football are popular in France.

Both English and Welsh are spoken in Wales.

not only . . . but also

Not only is he a professional footballer, but he’s also a successful businessman.

not . . . but

There are not two but three Baltic states: Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.

In sport, what counts is not the winning but the taking part.

neither . . . nor

Neither Norway nor Switzerland is in the European Union.

Marriage is neither heaven nor hell, it is simply purgatory. (Abraham Lincoln)

whether . . . or

Whether you love them or hate them, you have to admit that the Rolling Stones are very popular.

I’m totally confused – I don’t know whether I’m coming or going.

no sooner . . . than

No sooner had I finished watering the garden than it started raining.

2. 
   Tajik main industry
   

Since independence, Tajikistan gradually followed the path of transition economy, reforming its economic policies. With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon exports of cotton and aluminium, the economy is highly vulnerable to external shocks. In fiscal year (FY) 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, thus helping keep the peace. International assistance also was necessary to address the second year of severe drought that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production. Tajikistan's economy grew substantially after the war. The gross domestic product (GDP) of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000-2007 according to the World Bank data. This improved Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), which have degraded economically ever since.[4] As of August 2009, an estimated 60% of Tajikistani citizens live below the poverty line.[5] The 2008 global financial crisis has hit Tajikistan hard, both domestically and internationally. Tajikistan has been hit harder than many countries because it already has a high poverty rate and because many of its citizens depend on remittances from expatriate Tajikistanis.

Industry and manufacturing

The output of most industries declined sharply during the mid-1990s; despite widespread privatization, in the early 2000s industry rallied very slowly. In 2006 an estimated one-third of Tajikistan’s 700 major industrial enterprises were completely idle, and the remainder were operating at 20 or 25% of capacity. The causes are outmoded equipment, low investment levels, and lack of markets. To revitalize the sector, in 2006 the government was considering renationalizing some enterprises. Tajikistan’s only major heavy industries are aluminum processing and chemical production. The former, which provided 40% of industrial production in 2005, is centered at the Tursunzoda processing plant, the latter in Dushanbe, Qurghonteppa, and Yavan. Aluminum production increased by 6% in 2005. Some small light industrial plants produce textiles and processed foods, using mainly domestic agricultural products. The textile industry processes about 20% of domestically grown cotton. The expansion of light industry output contributed significantly to GDP growth in 2005. The construction industry, about half of which is state-owned, has suffered from low investment in capital projects and from shoddy workmanship that has discouraged international contracts. However, new infrastructure projects and increased housing construction brought a 60% increase in output from 2004 to 2005.[8] As of 2009, one third of industrial plants and factories are inactive, according to Tajikistan's Institute of Economic Studies. Industrial output has fallen by 13% in the first six months of 2009, leading to a fall in export revenues of 48%.

1. 
   Types of W-questions
   

Also known as "Yes/No questions" because a short answer (yes or no) is expected. This kind of question is formed by putting an auxiliary verb before the subject (=inversion).

General questions most often start with: Do? Did? Have? Has? Is? Are? Was? Were? Can? Could? etc.

Examples:

Are you from Brazil? Answer: Yes, I am / No, I am not

Did you meet Andy? Answer: Yes, I did / No, I didn't

Was she at home yesterday? Answer: Yes, she was / No, she wasn't

2. 
   Queen Elisabeth
   

Elizabeth (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, his second wife, who was executed two and a half years after Elizabeth's birth. Anne's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. Her half-brother, Edward VI, ruled until his death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to Lady Jane Grey and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, Elizabeth and the Roman Catholic Mary, in spite of statute law to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside and Mary became queen, deposing Lady Jane Grey. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.

In 1558, Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel.[1] She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers, led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement was to evolve into the Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir to continue the Tudor line. She never did, despite numerous courtships. As she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity. A cult grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day.

Elizabeth's reign is known as the Elizabethan era. The period is famous for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Francis Drake. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler,[4] who enjoyed more than her share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer and a dogged survivor in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. Such was the case with Elizabeth's rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, whom she imprisoned in 1568 and had executed in 1587. After the short reigns of Elizabeth's half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity.

1. 
   Negation
   

Negation is the grammatical operation whereby a proposition is replaced by one that states the opposite. An affirmative form expresses the validity or truth of a basic assertion. A negative form expresses the falsity of a basic assertion. In the English language, sentences may be negated with the adverbs not and never, the determiner no, and the indefinite pronouns no one, nobody, and none as well as other negative words.

Negating Verb Phrases

Sentences in English can first be negated through verb phrase negation. Verb phrases in English can be negated by inserting the negative adverb not after the first auxiliary verb of the verb phrase or by inserting the operator do and the negative adverb not before the verb. For example, the following sentence pairs are examples of positive and negated English sentences in which the verb phrases are negated:

The students have aced the exam. (positive)

The students have not aced the exam. (negated)

Play with the baby. (positive)

Do not play with the baby. (negated)

Could you play your guitar? (positive)

Could you not play your guitar? (negated)

She will have earned her degree. (positive)

She will not have earned her degree. (negated)

You could have been eating your dessert by now. (positive)

You could not have been eating your dessert  by now. (negated)

Verb phrase negation with the adverb not is the preferred method for negation in English.

Negating Noun Phrases

Sentences in English can secondly be negated through noun phrase negation. Noun phrases in English can be negated by inserting the quantifying determiner no in front of the noun phrase. For example, the following sentence pairs are examples of positive and negated English sentences in which the noun phrases are negated:

I have time today. (positive)

I have no time today. (negated)

2. 
   Tourist map of Tajikistan
   

A tourist map has been published in Tajikistan for the first time.  It has been published on an initiative of the Committee for Youth, Sports and Tourism Affairs. Farrukh Izatulloyev, leading specialist at the committee’s tourism development department, told Asia-plus today that the map that was published in three languages (Tajik, Russian and English) is distributed to arriving tourists free of charge.

The map, having a circulation of a 2,000, contains information about tourist centers in the country and historical and cultural relics of Tajikistan. According to the tourism development department, some 5,000 tourists have visited Tajikistan since the beginning of this year; the majority of them are mountaineers.  

1. 
   Adjectives
   

Adjective Examples

I like blue skies and fluffy clouds. He is a nice man. It was a cold day. They are good people. They are acting crazy today.

An adjective is a kind of word that modifies a noun. Nouns are words that name a place, a person, a thing, or an idea. An adjective is a word that gives more information about the noun that goes with it. It is a part of speech. Adjectives are something that describes something and makes the thing sound more better.

Often, the adjective is before the noun it describes. Sometimes an adjective is not followed by a noun:

The sky is blue. The joke she told was so funny, I could not stop laughing all day. He went crazy.

It's still an adjective, because we could have "the blue sky", "the funny joke", and "the crazy man". The adjective is still describing the noun though they are not side by side. There is a tall man.

An adjective is a word that gives instant information about a noun to make a clear picture of the noun in the mind of the reader and create a feeling of the writer.

2. 
   Tajikistan- Zarathusta’s motherland
   

Tajikistan has very interesting connections to Zoroastrianism and the history of the early Zoroastrians.

Tajikistan is a land-locked Central Asian state with a population of about seven million people. It is home to the Pamir mountains, also called the roof of the world. Ninety percent of Tajikistan is covered with mountains that contain 8,000 glaciers. The glaciers are the source of many Central Asian rivers. Tajikistan's location is to Asia what Switzerland is to Europe. However, while Tajikistan has great potential, gracious people and spectacular vistas, Tajikistan is presently the poorest country in Central Asia, its glaciers are retreating due to global warming, and its forests have been denuded.

  The name, the lifetime, the homeland of Zarathustra and the period when he began receiving revelations and speaking as a prophet have been a subject of permanent scientific debate. The majority of researches into the Avesta and other ancient documentary sources indicate that Zarathustra was born to a father called Purushasp and the name of his family was Spitama. They also say that Zarathustra resided in Bactria. Some scholars think that he was born in Chorasmia, others take the view that he was born either in Azerbaijan or in a place which is called Rey situated in present day Iran.

The dispute and debate has also involved other related subjects such as to where did the holy books of Avesta originate from, and to where did they spread afterwards. The place where Zarathustra was born and where he started to profess his faith can be considered the original home of the Avesta and the source from where Zoroastrian teaching spread.

1. 
   Adverbials
   

In grammar an adverbial (abbreviated adv) is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or the verb. (The word adverbial itself is also used as an adjective, meaning "having the same function as an adverb".) Look at the examples below:

Danny speaks fluently. (telling more about the verb) Lorna ate breakfast :_: (telling when the verb's action occurred)

The form of adverbials

In English, adverbials most commonly take the form of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Many types of adverbials (for instance reason and condition) are often expressed by clauses.

James answered immediately. (adverb) James answered in English. (prepositional phrase) James answered this morning. (noun phrase) James answered in English because he had a foreign visitor. (adverbial clause)

An adverbial is a construction that modifies, or describes, verbs. When an adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meaning of that verb. Word groups that are also considered to be adverbials can also modify verbs: for example, a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a finite clause or a non-finite clause.[1] Prepositional phrase in a sentence may be adverbial; that is, it modifies a verb.

Types of adverbials that form sentence elements Edit

Adverbials are typically divided into four classes: adverbial complements (i.e. obligatory adverbial) are adverbials that render a sentence ungrammatical and meaningless if removed.

John put the flowers in the water.

2. 
   Tajikistan: Historical Monuments
   

On September 21, 1991, less than two weeks after Tajikistan proclaimed its independence from the Soviet Union, angry crowd toppled a monument to Vladimir Lenin in the center of Dushanbe. The removal of the monument symbolized the desperate rush of the nationalist intelligentsia and some politicians to rid themselves of all reminders of their communist past.

The civil war that broke out soon afterwards delayed the demolition of many other monuments to the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution in the Central Asian republic. Only in the 2000s, when the leadership of Tajikistan embarked on a new nation-building project, Lenin’s monuments began to fall all over the country. ‘Grandfather Lenin’ disappeared from the central squares of major cities and towns in Tajikistan. His monuments were replaced with newly sculpted statues of Ismoili Somoni, a ruler who is credited with creating a Tajik empire in the tenth century. In most cities and towns of Tajikistan, Soviet monuments to Lenin were replaced with statues of Ismoili Somoni. This monument to Somoni stands on Dushanbe’s central square, right where Lenin’s statue was toppled in 1991. Photo by Alexander Sodiqov (2010).

A ‘better Hitler’ The government’s rush to take down Lenin’s sculptures has provoked heated debates among the country’s bloggers. Some have argued that the monuments of the Soviet period should be destroyed and forgotten because of all the pain and suffering that the Bolshevik conquest inflicted on the region. In December 2011, journalist Salim Aioubzod explained [tj] in his blog why there is no place for Lenin’s statues in the new Tajikistan:

1. 
   Adverbial clauses: time, place and manner.
   

Adverb clauses of time

Adverb clauses of time are introduced by subordinating conjunctions like when, whenever, before, after, as, since, till, once and now that. Whenever I get an idea for a story, I jot it down in a notebook. When you heat ice, it melts.

After the match ended, we left for our homes.

As the chief guest arrived, we all stood up.

I will wait until you have finished dressing.

Sunday is the day when I am least busy.

Whenever I go to London, I stay with my brother.

Once and now that are sometimes used as conjunctions in adverb clauses of time.

Once you have made a decision, you must stick to it.

Now that winter has come, we must buy some woollen clothes.

Adverb clauses of place

Adverb clauses of place are introduced by the conjunctions where and wherever. ӣThis is the house where I live in.

In informal English, everywhere is sometimes used instead of wherever. Everywhere we went, people greeted us warmly. (= Wherever we went, people greeted us warmly.) Please share this post if you like it, or comment below if you have questions.These adverbs tell us that in which manner the action occurs or how the action occurs or occurred or will occur. Examples.    She speaks loudly.   He was driving slowly.     You replied correctly.  He runs fast.  They solved the problem easily.   Listen to me carefully.

2. 
   The Silk Road and its importance.
   

The Silk Road or Silk Route was an ancient network of trade routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East from China to the Mediterranean Sea. The Silk Road derives its name from the lucrative trade in Chinese silk carried out along its length, beginning during the Han dynasty (207 BCE – 220 CE). The Central Asian sections of the trade routes were expanded around 114 BCE by the Han dynasty, largely through the missions and explorations of the Chinese imperial envoy, Zhang Qian.[2] The Chinese took great interest in the safety of their trade products and extended the Great Wall of China to ensure the protection of the trade route.

Trade on the Silk Road was a significant factor in the development of the civilizations of China, the Indian subcontinent, Persia, Europe, the Horn of Africa and Arabia, opening long-distance, political and economic relations between the civilizations.[4] Though silk was certainly the major trade item from China, many other goods were traded, and religions, syncretic philosophies, and various technologies, as well as diseases, also travelled along the Silk Routes. In addition to economic trade, the Silk Road served as a means of carrying out cultural trade among the civilizations along its network.[5]

The main traders during antiquity were the Chinese, Arab, Indians, Persians, Somalis, Greeks, Syrians, Romans, Armenians, Bengalis, and Bactrians, and from the 5th to the 8th century the Sogdians. In June 2014 UNESCO designated the Chang'an-Tianshan corridor of the Silk Road as a World Heritage Site.Human beings have always moved from place to place and traded with their neighbours, exchanging goods, skills and ideas. Throughout history, Eurasia was criss-crossed with communication routes and paths of trade, which gradually linked up to form what are known today as the Silk Roads; routes across both land and sea, along which silk and many other goods were exchanged between people from across the world. Maritime routes were an important part of this network, linking East and West by sea, and were used for the trade of spices in particular, thus becoming known as the Spice Routes.