Governmental examinatios’ answers made by Ali ibn Habibulloh al Ansaari fifth course

Governmental examinatios’ answers made by Ali ibn Habibulloh al Ansaari fifth course

1. 
   
   

2. 
   The peculiarities of definte and indefinte articles.
   

The words a, an, and the are special adjectives called articles. The article is a structural part of speech used with nouns. There are two articles in modern English: the indefinite article and the definite article. The indefinite article has the forms a and an. The form a is used before words beginning with a consonant sound (a book, a pen,) The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel sound (an opera, an apple). The definite article has one graphic form the, which is pronounced in two ways: (thi), before a vowel sound (the apple) before a consonant sound the (the pen). The indefinite article has developed from Old English numeral an (one) and as a result of its origin it is used only with nouns in the singular, The definite article has developed from Old English demonstrative pronoun se and in some cases it has preserved this demonstrative meaning in Modern English. Sometimes the article is not used where we naturally expect to find it in accordance with the rules. No change of meaning is observed in these case. The article is often omitted in newspapers headings, telegrams, in stage directions. Example. Gas Blast kills Woman. (Daily Worker)

3. 
   Climate changes in the world.
   

Nowadays major changes in climate are taking place. They are closely connected with the greenhouse effect and global warming. The greenhouse effect is the absorption of energy radiated from the Earth’s surface by carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere, causing it to become warmer. So due to the greenhouse effect the temperature on the Earth is rising and this creates lots of problems that will begin to take place in the coming decades.Today people are conducting an unplanned global experiment by changing the face of the entire planet. We are destroying the ozone layer which allows life to exist on the Earth’s surface. All of these activities are unfavourably changing the composition of the biosphere and the Earth’s heat balance. Average global temperatures have risen by 1 degree over the last century and they could rise by 5 to 10 degrees by the middle of the next century. Some areas, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, will dry out and there will be more forest fires. At the present rate of destruction most of the rain forests will be gone. Evaporation rates will also increase and water circulation patterns will change. Decreased rainfall in some areas will result in increased rainfall in others. In some regions river flow will be reduced or stopped completely while others will experience sudden downpours that create massive floods.If the present arctic ice melting continues, the sea could rise by as much as 2 meters by the middle of the next century. Large areas of coastal land would disappear. The warming will rearrange entire biological communities and cause a number of species to become died out. In the end, the overheat of the air will result in the global warming effect.In conclusion, I’d like to say that it’s very important to start doing something now, so that our future and our planet will be safe.

1. 
   Personal pronouns and their grammatical functions
   

The personal pronouns are: I, he, she, it, we, you, they. The personal pronouns have the grammatical categories of person, case, number and (in the third person singular) gender. The personal pronouns have two cases: the nominative case and the objective case. The nominative case: I, he, she, it, we, you, they The objective case; me, him, her, it, us, you, them.

The personal pronouns have two numbers, singular (I, he, she, it) and plural (we, they). In colloquial speech me, not I is commonly used as a predicative: Who is there? It is me.

The archaic pronoun of the second person singular is thou. The objective case of thou is thee.

Personal pronouns may have different functions in the sentence, those of subject, object, predicative:

I was not free to resume the interrupted chain of my reflections till bed-time… Subject

He arranged to meet her at the 96^th Street station… Object

But I think that was him I spoke to… Predicative

2. 
   Fighting again terrorism
   

On September 11, 2001, Americans realized the threat that terrorists pose in the world today. Over five thousand people died in the terrorist attack, and now Americans want revenge. They want terrorism to be stopped. In order to do that, several things must be done. Dealing with terrorists like Osama bin Laden is difficult because his group, like many others, is very large and the members of it are hard to recognize. The majority of terrorists are Muslim and come from Arab nations who hate the American culture. Osama bin Laden has terrorists in over 35 countries. Nevertheless, a group of that size is very difficult to terminate. Osama bin Laden is responsible for the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The U.S. military needs to make swift air strikes on terrorist camps to possibly eliminate the leader and destroy their defenses. After that, ground troops should be sent in to take over the camp. It is different with bin Laden’s well-armed group because he is wealthy. The group is almost entirely funded by him. In this case, bin Laden should be the main target. A special forces team should covertly enter the camp and capture him. Even with these possible solutions, terrorism is still hard to stop especially when supported by a government known as the Taliban.
In order to stop bin Laden, the Taliban must be stopped, too. The Taliban is the government of Afghanistan, which harbors bin Laden. Also, it supplies and aids him. The U.S. needs to cut all economic and social ties with Afghanistan in order to slow the economy as well as bin Laden’s group. The Taliban is a fundamentalist group and control 95% of the country. Our military should attack the Taliban because they are withholding bin Laden’s location and not turning him over to the United States. We should ally with the five percent of the country fighting the Taliban. Stopping the Taliban means the end of bin...

1. 
   The Present Indefinite Tense
   

The Indefinite form merely shows that the actions takes place in the present, past or future. The form of the verb gives no indication as to its duration or completion.

The Present Indefinite Tense is formed the infinitive without the participle to.

In the third person singular the ending-s is added. After a sibilant represented in spelling by s, ss, ch, tch, x, z and the vowel o,-es is added: he writes, he reads, he speaks, he passes.

The pronunciation of the ending-s (-es) depends on the sound preceding it. It is pronounced as:

(iz) after the sibilants , , , , : passes
,
(pushiz).

(z) after voiced non-sibilants and vowels: reads, lives, sees.

(s) after voiceless non-sibilants: works, wants.

A FINAL Y IS CHANGED INTO I IF IT IS PRECEDED BY A CONSONANT AND THEN –ES IS ADEDD: to study-he studies; to try- he tries;

After a vowel y is kept unchanged: to play- he plays.

The interrogative and the negative forms are formed by means of the Present Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to do an the infinitive of the national verb without the participle to.

I work. Do I work? I do not work.

He works. Does he work? He does not work.

You work. Do you work? You do not work.

The Present indefinite is used to denote:

1. 
   Customary, repeated actions. This is its most characteristic use.
   

The Browns go to the seaside every summer.

2. 
   Tajikistan and world community’s cooperation
   

Despite the difficult internal situation, Tajikistan rightly defined its priority national interests and the main directions of its foreign policy. As the President of the Republic of Tajikistan underlined - “The Republic of Tajikistan belongs to five political regions, based on its geographic location, geopolitical position and economic interests. First region is the Commonwealth of Independent States, which seeks to develop internal links, despite the challenges of the period of its formation. Second region is Central Asia, in which, development of regional cooperation and economic integration among the countries of the region may benefit all countries and peoples of the region. Third region is composed of space of life and activity of the neighboring Persian-speaking states, which, although haven’t yet organized any political or economic alliances, are united by historical, religious and cultural commonness as well as the actual stances of national revival. Fourth region is the area of influence of the Islamic Orient countries, which are linked not only by the common religion, tradition and culture, but also by opportunities and needs of national renaissance.  Finally, the fifth region is the international community, internal and external integration of which is increasing day by day and gradually going towards the global human civilization”. Beneficial cooperation with influential international organizations such as the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the European Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Shanghai Cooperation Organization and others plays important role in the foreign policy of the Republic of Tajikistan. It is worth noting that the expedient links introduced Tajikistan to the world, familiarizing the international community with internal and external policy of the country, as a democratic and jural state. Aforementioned organizations established advantageous cooperation with the Republic of Tajikistan, promoting not only restoration of peace and signing Peace Agreement, but also contributed to implementation of post-conflict rehabilitation projects and development of the country’s national economy. One of the priority directions of Tajikistan’s foreign policy is its participation within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Not all purposes of the CIS are achieved today, but nonetheless, currently the Commonwealth embodies unity and interests of millions of people of the former Soviet space.

Along with the CIS, Tajikistan considers the cooperation within two other organizations that operate in the space of the former Soviet Union – Euro-Asian Economic Community and Collective Security Treaty Organization – also as priority of its foreign policy. The Republic of Tajikistan pays special attention to regional issues, particularly to the issue of Aral Sea Basin. Our country is one of the founders of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea and along with other countries it continues taking necessary measures for solving this regional and international issue. In 20 years of cooperation with the United Nations, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan took 14 times part and made speeches in the General Assembly sessions of this influencial global organizaiton, and making proposals of regional and global interests attracted the attention of global community to the difficulties of Tajikistan, Central Asia and the war-ravaged Afghanistan. Recognition of Tajikistan as an active promoter of Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) implementation is also considered to be as one of the achievements of a country that is going currently on the right path of development.

1. 
   The Present Continuous Tense
   

The Present Continuous Tense is formed by means of the Present Indefinite of the auxiliary verb to be and Participle 1 of the national verb.

In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed after the auxiliary verb. For example:

I am reading. Am I reading? I am not reading.

He is reading. Is he reading? He is not reading.

She is reading. Is she reading? She is not reading.

You are reading. Are you reading? You are not reading.

The Present Continuous is used to denote an action going on at the present moment. It should be borne in mind that the term “present moment” is not limited to the actual moment of speaking. The Present Continuous is used when in Russian can say сейчасю, which refers not only to the moment of speaking, but has a wider meaning.

“My dear,” said Jolyon with gentle exasperation, “you are talking nonsense.”.

The Present Continuous can be used to denote a certain state or quality peculiar to the person at a given moment.

You are being a nuisance.

When there are two actions one of which is in progress and the other is a habitual action, the first is expressed by the Present Continuous and the second by the Present Indefinite.

You never open your lips while you are painting.

I never talk while I am working.

The Present Continuous is used when people are talking about their future arrangements. The Future indefinite is not used in such cases.

I am leaving tonight.

He is coming to us tomorrow to stop till next month.

If not personal arrangements, but timetables, programmes, etc. are described, the Present Indefinite should be used:

What time does the film begin?

2. 
   Tourism and its importance for the development of Tajikistan
   

Committee of Youth Affairs, Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Tajikistan

Tajikistan’s economy is the least developed of the post-Soviet states. Economic growth is very low and in many ways dependent on external factors. The problem is compounded by the large number of workers migrating to Russia, as the Tajik labour market offers only limited employment opportunities. Being service-oriented, tourism is one of the most job-intensive economic sectors, as the possibilities of replacing people with technology are extremely limited. Tourism also offers a number of jobs that require low- or medium-level qualifications, giving people with little training or education in particular the opportunity to earn an income and opt for further training. The country has so far had only limited experience of different types of modern tourism that build on Tajikistan’s natural and cultural potential.

Objective

Key stakeholders and organisations in the tourism sector are in a position to offer professional and competitive advisory services. The political and economic conditions have been created to facilitate the development of the tourism sector.

Results achieved so far

Committee of Youth Affairs, Sports and Tourism of the Republic of Tajikistan: implementation of international measures to market Tajikistan as a tourist destination; setting up of the national tourism working group; drawing up of a work schedule for public and private stakeholders and for international organisations.

Zerafshan Tourism Development Association (ZTDA): support for organisational development; implementation of several training measures for companies engaged in tourism aimed at service quality, hygiene and safety; training in marketing and business administration for tourist service providers (guides, drivers, private accommodation providers); product development; national and international marketing.

Tourism Development Center (TDC): support to the organisational development of the Union of Artisans in Tajikistan; accompanying several Tajik handicraft entrepreneurs to the Bazaar Berlin trade fair; training for craftspeople in marketing, product quality and export procedures; development of sales outlets for the export of Tajik handicrafts.

1. 
   The Past Indefinite Tense.
   

We use the past simple to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in th past. We can use it to talk about a specific point in time.

• She came back last Friday.

• I saw her in the street.

• They didn't agree to the deal.

It can also be used to talk about a period of time.

• She lived in Tokyo for seven years.

• They were in London from Monday to Thursday of last week.

• When I was living in New York, I went to all the art exhibitions I could.

You will often find the past simple used with time expressions such as these:

• Yesterday

• three weeks ago

• last year

• in 2002

• from March to June

• for a long time

• for 6 weeks

• in the 1980s

• in the last century

2. 
   Evolution and migration
   

The migration from Asia to North America across the Bering Strait (perhaps by land bridge) was a monumental event in human history. The process of overspreading the Americas took more than 1,000 years, or 30 generations.This might seem to confirm common sense—that slow travel was inherent in any great migration without wheeled vehicles across unknown terrain. Further thought shows that this process was remarkably fast—about 10 northsouth miles per year, on average. The Americas were populated at an astounding pace, when one considers the physical limits of the human body and the physical features of the American continents. Legs of humans can move only so fast under the best of circumstances, and they work even slower over mountain passes or deserts. Populations spread through the diverse regions of the Americas (grasslands, eastern forests, coastal swamps) and needed to adapt to their new environments.The migrants’ lifestyle had evolved over the years to that of professional nomads ensuring that they would find the resources needed to survive.

1. 
   
   

2. 
   The Past Continuous Tense
   

We use the past simple to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past.

We can use it to talk about a specific point in time. We use the past continuous to talk about past events which went on for a period of time. We use it when we want to emphasize the continuing process of an activity or the period of that activity. (If we just want to talk about the past event as a simple fact, we use the past simple.)

• While I was driving home, Peter was trying desperately to contact me.

• Were you expecting any visitors?

• Sorry, were you sleeping?

• I was just making some coffee.

• I was thinking about him last night.

• In the 1990s few people were using mobile phones.

We often use it to describe a "background action" when something else happened.

• I was walking in the street when I suddenly fell over.

• She was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead.

• They were still waiting for the plane when I spoke to them.

• The company was declining rapidly before he took charge.

• We were just talking about it before you arrived.

• I was making a presentation in front of 500 people when the microphone stopped working.

3. 
   Time Efficiency
   

Time is, as we all know, money. Such valuation of time leads people toextreme efforts to maximize their use of time. Some people obsess overknowing the exact time.They buy clocks and watches thatautomatically adjust themselves over the Internet or by radiowaves.These measurements allow them infinitesimal accuracyin dealing with time. Regardless of how one tracks time, mostpeople share a common goal: They want to use timeeffectively. Since about 1982, this efficiency has increasedexponentially each year, thanks to computers and their ability tomultitask. In multitasking, a computer executes several different tasks inparallel. Rather than being set arbitrarily, each task is given a priority inthe computer’s operating system, and time is spent in proportion to thepriority of the task.The computer executes different sequences of tasks atdifferent clock cycles, thereby increasing the rate of output from a process.

1. 
   The Future Indefinite Tense
   

FUNCTIONS OF THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there is no 'attitude'. The simple future is used: To predict a future event:

It will rain tomorrow. With I or We, to express a spontaneous decision: I'll pay for the tickets by credit card. To express willingness: I'll do the washing-up. He'll carry your bag for you.

In the negative form, to express unwillingness: The baby won't eat his soup. I won't leave until I've seen the manager! With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to make an offer:

Shall I open the window? With we in the interrogative form using "shall", to make a suggestion: Shall we go to the cinema tonight? With I in the interrogative form using "shall", to ask for advice or instructions: What shall I tell the boss about this money? With you, to give orders: You will do exactly as I say. With you in the interrogative form, to give an invitation: Will you come to the dance with me?Will you marry me?

Note:In modern English will is preferred to shall. Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion, or to ask for advice (see examples above). With the other persons (you, he, she, they) shall is only used in literary or poetic situations, e.g. "With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes."

2. 
   Computer in our modern life
   

As dependence on computers increases, so does the need for technical support. From installation of software to detection of viruses, computers require constant vigilance. Most larger companies find it most expeditious to maintain in-house computer staff. Many smaller companies, however, can’t fund their own full-time, in-house technical help. Instead, many of them assign the task of computer maintenance to a current employee who may not have any formal training. Rather, these “computer buffs” have derived their skills through practice and self-training. These selfappointed tech specialists, however, often cannot solve bigger problems. What’s more, they may see their office relations corrode when they are swamped with basic user questions that they simply don’t have time to address. For these reasons, many small companies choose to employ a freelance technical assistant who circulates among clients on an as-needed basis.With their professional training, these consultants may propose innovative solutions to users’ unique needs, which could vary from tracking inventory to simulating mechanized processes. They can implement new programs, train personnel, and escape the workplace before being asked,“How can I cut this file and paste it somewhere else?”

1. 
   Modal verbs and their lexical and grammatical functions
   

The modal verbs of English are a small class of auxiliary verbs used mostly to express modality (properties such as possibility, obligation, etc.). They can be distinguished from other verbs by their defectiveness (they do not have participle or infinitive forms) and by the fact that they do not take the ending -(e)s in the third-person singular.

The principal English modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will and would. Certain other verbs are sometimes, but not always, classed as modals; these include ought, had better, and (in certain uses) dare and need. Verbs which share some but not all of the characteristics of the principal modals are sometimes called "semimodals".

Modal verbs and their features

The verbs customarily classed as modals in English have the following properties:

They do not inflect, except insofar as some of them come in present–past (present–preterite) pairs. They do not add the ending -(e)s in the third-person singular (the present-tense modals therefore follow the preterite-present paradigm).

They are defective: they are not used as infinitives or participles (except occasionally in non-standard English; see Double modals below), nor as imperatives, nor (in the standard way) as subjunctives.

They function as auxiliary verbs: they modify the meaning of another verb, which they govern. This verb generally appears as a bare infinitive, although in some definitions a modal verb can also govern the to-infinitive (as in the case of ought).

They have the syntactic properties associated with auxiliary verbs in English, principally that they can undergo subject–auxiliary inversion (in questions, for example) and can be negated by the appending of not after the verb.

The following verbs have all of the above properties, and can be classed as the principal modal verbs of English. They are listed here in present–preterite pairs where applicable:

can and could may and might shall and should will and would must (no preterite; see etymology below).

2.