Governmental examinatios’ answers made by Ali ibn Habibulloh al Ansaari fifth course

What Do People Do?

About 300 million people worldwide celebrate Nowruz, with traditions and rituals particularly strong in the Balkans, the Black Sea and Caspian Sea regions, the Caucasus, Central and South Asia, and the Middle East. Events may include folk dance performances, special concerts, and tree planting ceremonies.

Public Life

International Nowruz Day is a global observance. The Nowruz festival is a public holiday in some countries, such as Iran and Tajikistan.

Nowruz is an ancestral festivity marking the first day of spring and the renewal of nature. It was proclaimed as an official UN observance because it promotes peace and solidarity, particularly in families. The day also focuses reconciliation and neighborliness, contributing to cultural diversity and friendship among peoples and different communities.

1. 
   The usage and translating of verbs should
   

Should is an auxiliary verb - a modal auxiliary verb. We use should mainly to:

give advice or make recommendations talk about obligation talk about probability and expectation express the conditional mood replace a subjunctive structure

Structure of should

The basic structure for should is:

subject + auxiliary verb

should + main verb

Note that: The auxiliary verb should is invariable. There is only one form: should The main verb is usually in the base form (He should go). Look at the basic structure again, with positive, negative and question sentences:

 subject auxiliary

should not main verb

base

+ He should   work.

- You should not go.

? Should we   help?

2. 
   Military operations
   

Until a century ago, military medicine was poor at battling disease.Theratio of soldiers killed by diseases to those killed in combat was probablyat least two to one. For strategic reasons, military camps wereoften set up near a body of water.This gave some protectionfrom enemy artillery, but it exposed soldiers to diseasecarryingmosquitoes. Mosquitoes also plagued troops in thetrenches. Low-ranking troops suffered the most. Officers whowere advanced enough in the hierarchy slept in separate tentson high ground.The long-held belief that disease resulted from evil spirits or bad aireventually ceased to rule military medicine.The germ theory mobilizedactual science against disease. General George Washington ordered thathis men be vaccinated against smallpox.Their allegiance to him can bemeasured by the fact that they obeyed, for Washington’s doctors used theactual smallpox virus, not the safer vaccination that Edward Jenner would introduce in 1798.

1. 
   The usage and translating of verbs would.
   

Would is an auxiliary verb - a modal auxiliary verb. We use would mainly to: talk about the past talk about the future in the past express the conditional mood We also use would for other functions, such as: expressing desire, polite requests and questions, opinion or hope, wish and regret

Structure of would The basic structure for would is:

subject + auxiliary verb

would + main verb

Note that:

The auxiliary verb would is invariable. There is only one form: would

The main verb is usually in the base form (He would go).

Look at the basic structure again, with positive, negative and question sentences:

 subject auxiliary

would not main verb

base  

+ I would   like tea.

- She would not go.  

? Would you   help?  

2. 
   War and Conquest
   

The Roman conquest of North Africa is, in the prevailing view, lessinteresting than Rome’s European adventures. In truth, one of the first88 Society lands Rome annexed beyond the Italian peninsula was the area aroundCarthage in North Africa. Carthage and Rome had been in conflict (calledthe Punic Wars) since 264 BCE for control of trade along theMediterranean coast. In 202 BCE, during the Second Punic War, theCarthaginian general Hannibal devised a clever plan, in violation of most military wisdom, to march through the high Alps to attack the Roman heartland. The cold weather and steep terrain severely stressed

Hannibal’s forces, many of whom rode elephants.The Romans resisted

Hannibal’s attacks, and his bold invasion force collapsed.

In the end, Rome finished off Carthage in the Third Punic

War (149–146 BCE). At its apex in 117 CE, Rome

controlled all of North Africa and territories from the

Persian Gulf to Britain.

1. 
   The usage and translating of verbs may, might, and could,
   

Could, may and might

We use could, may and might to express degrees of possibility. Many native speakers disagree on which one expresses more or less certainty.

Compare The restaurant may close. It is likely that the restaurant will close. The restaurant could close. It is less likely that the restaurant will close. The restaurant might close. There is only a possibility that the restaurant will close but no one is very sure.

The speaker also shows degree of certainty or uncertainty through intonation and stress. If the speaker stresses the modal verb, they are expressing more uncertainty than if they stress the main verb.

2. 
   Wealth and social Class
   

The United States is not the land of equal opportunity.There are no titles of nobility as in Europe, but astounding affluence is passed on in privileged families, and this makes all the difference. Studies in the 1970s found that a child of the elite and a child of the working class may start out with similar intelligence and drive, but the rich child is about 30 times more likely to prosper. The rich child goes to high-prestige schools, where his or her education may be only slightly above average, but where the child accumulates friendships with future leaders. The privileged child becomes comfortable with luxury and is at ease in situations where powerful people meet.The working-class child from a less-prestigious college is not likely to wind up impoverished, but neither is he or she likely to attend many parties of Yale or Vassar alumni in violation of mostmilitary wisdom, to march through the high Alps to attack the Romanheartland. The cold weather and steep terrain severely stressedHannibal’s forces, many of whom rode elephants.The Romans resistedHannibal’s attacks, and his bold invasion force collapsed.In the end, Rome finished off Carthage in the Third PunicWar (149–146 BCE). At its apex in 117 CE, Romecontrolled all of North Africa and territories from the Persian Gulf to Britain.

1. 
   The grammatical features of Modal verbs
   

Modal verbs The modal verbs include can, must, may, might, will, would, should. They are used with other verbs to express ability, obligation, possibility, and so on. Below is a list showing the most useful modals and their most common meanings:

Modal Meaning Example

can to express ability I can speak a little Russian.

can to request permission Can I open the window?

may to express possibility I may be home late.

may to request permission May I sit down, please?

must to express obligation I must go now.

must to express strong belief She must be over 90 years old.

should to give advice You should stop smoking.

would to request or offer Would you like a cup of tea?

would in if-sentences If I were you, I would say sorry.

Modal verbs are unlike other verbs. They do not change their form (spelling) and they have no infinitive or participle (past/present). The modals must and can need substitute verbs to express obligation or ability in the different tenses. Here are some examples:

Past simple Sorry I'm late. I had to finish my math test.

Present perfect She's had to return to Korea at short notice.

Future You'll have to work hard if you want to pass the exams.

Infinitive I don't want to have to go.

Past simple I couldn't/wasn't able to walk until I was 3 years old.

Present perfect I haven't been able to solve this problem. Can you help?

Future I'm not sure if I will be able to come to your party.

Infinitive I would love to be able to play the piano.

Modals are auxiliary verbs. They do not need an additional auxiliary in negatives or questions. For example: Must I come? (Do I must come?), or: He shouldn't smoke (He doesn't should smoke).

2. 
   
   

3. 
   International Trade
   

Tomatoes, potatoes, and hot peppers, all originally from South or CentralAmerica, are among several plants that have disproportionately influenced cooking around the world. This happened only after a few intrepid eaters got beyond common fears about potatoes, tomatoes, and other products. Entrepreneurial hunters for new food products hardly knew what they were haggling for when they tried to extract from foreign markets goods that would sell well at home. Shuttling between Europe and exotic lands, Italians, Spaniards, and Britons in particular brought back food prototypes that were not obviously good things to eat—cinnamon bark, cousins of the dreaded nightshade (tomatoes), and even the pollen from a crocus flower (saffron).As a glance at international cookbooks will show, many creative merchants were well rewarded not just with financial success, but with culture-changing influence.

1. 
   Different functions of the noun phrases
   

Noun phrases including nouns and pronouns perform eleven main grammatical functions within sentences in the English language. The eleven functions of nouns and noun phrases are:

Noun phrase head

Subject

Subject complement

Direct object

Object complement

Indirect object

Prepositional complement

Noun phrase modifier

Determinative

Appositive

Adjunct adverbial

Nouns are traditionally defined as “persons, places, things, and ideas.” Noun phrase are defined as phrases that consist of a noun or pronoun and any number of constituents including adjectives, determiners, prepositional phrases, verb phrases, and adjective clauses.

Noun Phrase Head

The first grammatical function that nouns perform is the noun phrase head. A noun phrase consists of a noun including a pronoun plus any determiners, modifiers, and complements. For example, the following italicized nouns function as noun phrase heads:

the big blue ball

someone to love

an old woman who lived in a shoe

Subjects

The second grammatical function that noun phrases perform is the subject. A subject is a word, phrase, or clause that performs the action of or acts upon the verb. For example, the following italicized noun phrases function as subjects:

The baby cried.

Dogs and cats make excellent pets.

2. 
   Government Corruption
   

In many countries, few politicians have enough integrity to resist corruption and bribery. Because such practices are so prevalent, officials often evade any personal sense of guilt by pretending that everyone is just as corrupt as they are. Even in cases of really grotesque corruption, the kind that might cause a scandal in a less-corrupt government, the general population may not be shocked. Instead, they may cynically conclude that government corruption is natural and unavoidable. In this environment, the efforts of an honest politician to unmask corruption may be eroded by the public’s lack of interest, causing any efforts at reform to fail.

1. 
   Different functions of the verb phrase
   

English verbs and verb phrases perform five primary grammatical functions within sentences in the English language. Traditional grammars define verbs as words that name actions and states. Verb phrases consist of a verb plus any modifiers, complements, particles, and auxiliaries. The five primary functions of English verbs and verbs phrases are:

Verb phrase head

Predicate

Noun phrase modifier

Adjective phrase complement

Verb phrase complement

Verbs as Verb Phrase Heads

The first grammatical function that verbs perform is the verb phrase head. A verb phrase consists of a verb plus any modifiers, complements, particles, and auxiliaries including modal verbs, operators, have, and be. For example, the following italicized verbs function as verb phrase heads:

read

returned

have borrowed

will be painted

ran quickly

rather quietly snorted

want to eat some strawberries

would rather need to shower

listen to the music

shall have been worried about the weather

Verbs Phrases as Predicates

The second grammatical function that verbs and verb phrases perform is the predicate of a clause. A clause is defined as a grammatical structure that consists of a subject and a predicate. For example, the following italicized verbs and verb phrases function as predicates:

My puppy drinks milk.

I am studying linguistics.

The vase was broken by the cat.

We have eaten all the pie.

The students will finish their homework.

She will have earned her degree in May.

Those children have been being bad.

2. 
   The War on Drugs
   

Illegal addictive drugs, like heroin or cocaine, come from plants grown and harvested mostly by poor farmers.Their small farmhouses juxtaposed with the mansions of billionaire drug lords illustrate the unequal payouts to various players in the drug trade.The farmers sell their product cheaply to a drug-distribution cartel that is owned by the drug lords.People working for the cartel then refine the drugs into a concentrated form, or even modify them chemically to make them more potent and therefore more valuable. Other cartel members then transport the drugs to distributors for sale, smuggling them over huge distances, including international borders.Governments try to interdict smugglers, using both The War on Drugs 153 Bonus Structure— Because this reading describes a system of operations, the word then appears very often. new technology and old (like sniffer dogs) to find residual traces of drugs. Their occasional successes have led to a popular misconception that antidrug campaigns are close to stopping the flow of illegal drugs. On the contrary, as long as drug lords can make vast fortunes in their illegal trade, smugglers will come up with ever-more-subtle ways of concealing their goods, and the War on Drugs goes on.

1. 
   Irregular plural of English Noun
   

Существительные с неправильной формой множественного числа

Most countable nouns form the plural by adding the ending s/es. (The rules of adding s/es and the peculiarities of adding s/es to the final letters Y, O, F, FE and to compound nouns are described in the material Adding the Ending s/es to Nouns and Verbs in the section Writing.)

A limited number of nouns have irregular plural forms, for example, names of some animals, some words of Latin or Greek origin.

Irregular plural forms

Some nouns form their plural not by adding the ending s/es, but by changing the letters in the root of the word.

man – men;

мужчина – мужчины;

woman – women;

женщина – женщины;

child – children;

Note: The noun "brother" (a member of a family) has a regular plural form: brother – brothers. If the noun "brother" is used in the meaning "a fellow member", it may have the archaic irregular plural form "brethren" (fellow members).

The same singular and plural form

Одна и та же форма ед. и мн. числа

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

one sheep – two sheep;

одна овца – две овцы;

a deer – two deer;

один олень – два оленя;

a bison – five bison;

2. 
   CIS cultural cooperation’s
   

The 18th meeting on the CIS Cultural Cooperation Council opened in Baku on Tuesday. The Council is to discuss the implementation by the Commonwealth countries of the inter-state procedures, which are needed for agreements on cultural cooperation and plan of the Council's work for 2003 to come into effect, said the headquarters of the CIS Executive Committee in Minsk. In addition, the meeting will focus on the 2nd congress of CIS culture and art figures under the motto "Preservation of Cultural Legacy and Support for Creative Youth", the foundation of the CIS cultural legacy backing, the draft of the programme of celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the victory in the Great Patriotic War, the 2nd international festival of CIS national arts and the 2nd youth Delphian CIS Games in Moldova in 2004. The Russian delegation, headed by Minister of Culture Mikhail Shvydkoi, participates in the work of the CIS Cultural Cooperation Council. The chairman of the Executive Committee, CIS Executive Secretary Yuri Yarov par ticipates in the Council's meeting for the first time.

Governing body of the foundation represents a board of heads of establishments of education, science and culture of the states which have entered the Agreement about creation of the IFFESCO and also executive directors. Aims of the foundation are to encourage cooperation of the CIS countries in the sphere of human culture and science, e.g. by promoting programmes of cooperation of academies of sciences, libraries and archives; creating series of radio and television programmes on culture of the CIS states; holding forums of mass media, film festivals, art exhibitions; publishing and translating literature of the CIS states. Detailed information on the Intergovernmental Foundation for Educational, Scientific and Cultural Cooperation of the CIS states is accessible on the website of the foundation: www.mfgs-sng.org.

Within mega – project “Vaults of the Commonwealth: Libraries”, since 2008 the Russian State Library has been cooperating with the Intergovernmental Foundation for Educational, Scientific and Cultural Cooperation of the CIS states on the project “Virtual Reading Rooms of the Digital Dissertation Library of the Russian State Library (VRRs RSL) at the national libraries of the CIS states”. Two years of fruitful cooperation brought fourteen VRRs RSL at the territories of national libraries of the following CIS states: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine. This helped to solve the problem of information inequality of distant users and stimulate scientific and cultural exchange between the CIS states. Demand on the resource of the DDL RSL in the CIS states, which was proved by the statistics of the working VRRs RSL, and the fact that an average user of the resource is a student (or a post – graduate) of the Higher Education Institution furthered the decision to include into the project leading Higher Education Institutions of the CIS states in 2011 in order to organize VRRs at the territories of their libraries and to provide them with access to the DDL RSL. The support of the IFFESCCO in opening VRRs not only at national libraries, but also at leading Higher Education Institutions of the CIS states thus will contribute to acquiring quality education and raising of the professional qualification by young people in those states.

1. 
   Types of questions
   

First of all, we should remember that in the English language, there are three types of sentences according to the purpose statement: narrative (declarative sentences), imperative (imperative sentences) and question (interrogative sentences). Interrogative sentences in the English language contains a specific question to obtain the necessary information. The order of words in interrogative sentences depends on the type of question (type of question) and by a predicate (predicate). But the basic principle — a statement of question words (question word) — if present — and the auxiliary verb (auxiliary verb) in the beginning of the sentence. In total, we are five types of questions in English.

Types of questions in English

Typical questions in English a few, and we look at each separately.

Question to the subject (question to the subject).

This interrogative sentence word order line (unchanged), and in the offer, everything remains in place. We just remove the subject and instead uses the appropriate interrogative word: Who? What? (who what). Neither the present nor the last time this type of question in the English language does not need to use auxiliary verbs. In the future may appear auxiliaries shall / will, but they are an indication of the time and is subject to, in principle, have no relationship. There is only one caveat — in the present tense uses the verb in the third person and singular. Examples:

What happened to us? — What happened to us?

What makes you feel upset? — What makes you sad?

Who invites guests for the party? — Who invites guests to a party

A common question (general question).

This interrogative sentence in the English language implies the formulation of the question to the whole proposal. The answer to this question are the words yes and no. Therefore, this type of question in the English language is still referred to as yes / no question. In this regard reverse the order of words in the first place, and an auxiliary (do, does, is, etc.) or the modal verb. Examples:

Does she like knitting? — She loves to knit?

Do you play computer games? — Do you play computer games?

Is this his book? — This is his book?

Just do not forget that the verb to be in the present and past simple tense does not require any auxiliary verbs:

Are you at home? — Are you at home? Or Was he at the cinema yesterday? — He was at the theater last night?

Special issue of (special question)

This type of question in English is different in that it can be given to any member of the proposal. The word order is also the opposite, and to obtain the necessary information used several interrogative words: What? — What ?; When? — When ?; Where? — Where ?; Why? — Why ?; Which? — Which one? and others. Examples:

Where are you going to move? — Where are you going to move?

What would you like to read? — What would you like to read?

When did you leave the house? — When you left home?

An alternative question (alternative question)

Ask any member of the proposals, but this feature interrogative sentence is a choice between two objects, persons, properties, actions, etc. This issue will be present union or — or. Examples:

They finished writing the article at 5 pm — They finished writing an article at 5pm.

Did they finish writing the article in the morning or at night? — They finished writing an article in the morning or the evening?

Did they finish writing or reading the article? — They finished write or read the article?

Separating the issue (tag-question / disjunctive question).

In setting such interrogative sentence in the English language a person tries to express doubts, surprise, confirmation of this. The analogue of this issue in the Russian language is the turnover is not it ?, is not it ?. This question consists of two parts: the first — is the proposal itself entirely with unaltered word order, and without those parts of speech which actually asks the question; the second — a short question, which will be an auxiliary or modal verb, present in the first part of the predicate. There are two ways this question of education in the English language:

affirmative sentence, a brief question in the negative;

Offer negative, brief question is yes.

Examples:

My mother prefers meat to fish, does not she? — My mother prefers fish to meat, is not it?

I am a pessimist, is not / are not I? — I’m a pessimist, does not it?

You can cook this dish, can not you? — You can prepare this dish, is not it?

She does not go to the church, does she? — She did not go to church, do not you?

Here are all the types of questions in English. Explore ways of their construction, you can easily formulate any interrogative sentences in the English language to any statement.

2.