39
Figure 2:
Only limited aspects of T-pattern detection has been presented here to give
some in sigh t in to th e theo retic al bas e of the p roce ss. A c omplete e xp la-
natio n of the the ore tical roots of the patte rn -de tec tion a lgo rithms to gether
wi t h a n o v e r v i e w o f t h e w i d e r u s e o f t h e p r o c e s s h a s b e e n p r e s e n t e d
elsewhere (Magnusson, 1996, 2000).
Method
A team sport, football, has been analyzed with the intention of identifying
whe ther T-pa tte rn d etection has relevan ce as a n a nalytical metho d with in
pe rfo rma nc e an a lys is. The res ea rc h u tilize d mu ltip le g ame a n aly sis with
each game being treated as a single case. Twenty football matches, thirteen
club and seven international matches, were coded using a combination of the
f o o t b a l l m a t c h a n a l y s i s s y s t e m d e v e l o p e d a t L i v e r p o o l J o h n M o o r e s
University and ThemeCoder, enabling detailed coding of digitized video files
(2 5 fra me s pe r s ec .). C o din g in clu d ed da ta on pi tch po sit ion , pl ay er a nd
match events. Pitch position was classified according to the pitch divisions
sho wn in fig ure 3 . The p rima ry ev ent ca teg ories fo r d ata colle ction were :
pa s s ; ta c k le ; h e a d e r; ru n ; d ri bb l e ; c le a r a nc e ; sh o t ; c r o ss ; se t -p l ay ; lo s t
control; foul. Additional qualifying statements could be tagged to each event
category. All data was analyzed using the Theme software package.
Figure 3:
A time series behaviour
record from the second half
of a football match from
the European Champions
League 1997.
The match was coded from
a digitized video recording
of approximately
45 minutes duration
(time is in seconds).
Exemples de séries
temporelles des
comportements enregistrés
lors de la seconde
mi-temps d’un match de
football. Le temps est
exprimé en secondes et
la séquence totale est de
45 minutes environ.
A schematic
representation of the zones
identified for analysis
of ball movement
within football.
Présentation schématique
des zones pour l’analyse
des déplacements
du ballon.
Direction of play
Gudberg K. Jonsson, Sigridur H. Bjarkadottir, Baldvin Gislason, Andrew Borrie et Magnus S. Magnusson
40
Results and discussion
Th e data show that a high nu mber of tempo ra l patterns e xist in foo tb all.
The numb er, freque ncy and comple xity o f th e detected patterns, indicates
that sport behaviour is very structured. This synchrony was found to exist on
different levels, with highly complex time structures that extended over consi-
derable t ime spans wi th in per form a nc es wi th pa t ter ns occurr in g in bot h
cyclical and acyclical fashion.
The data take n from fo otba ll show th ree discrete ex amp les th at ide ntify
within-team patterns (e.g. figure 4, ball movement) and interactive patterns
involving both teams (figures 5 and 6, goal scoring).
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