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Introduction
Football is a challenging research domain. Each match involves 22 players
d em on s tr a tin g c o lla b o ra ti ve b e h a vi ou r th a t r eq u ir e s s p e c ifi c r o le s in an
adversarial, uncertain, and dynamic environment. The behaviour of players
and the decision making processes can range from the most simple reactive
behaviours, such as running towards the ball, to complex reasoning that take
in to a cc o u n t th e b eh a v io u r a n d p e rc e iv e d s tr a te g ie s o f te a m-ma te s a nd
opponents (Jonsson, 1998).
In the pursuit of generating quantitative information on performance sport
researchers have traditionally used frequency of event occurrence as their
index of performance e.g. the analyst has recorded how many passes have
been made from particular playing zones or how many times possession has
been lost (Jonsson et al., 2000). In essence the analyst has been answering
the question "how many times did ’x’ occur?". However frequency of event
occurrence has been shown to be an inadequate index of performance that
ca n n o t d i ff e re n ti at e b et we e n e ffe c t iv e p e r fo rm a nc e s (B o r rie a n d J on e s ,
19 9 8). I f on e a cc e pts th e a rg u men t th at s po rt p er fo rman c e co n sis ts of a
complex se ries of inte rrelations hips b etwe en a vas t arra y o f pe rformance
v ar ia b l e s th e n s imp l e fr e q u en c y d a ta c a n o n ly e v er p r o vi d e a re l a tiv e l y
superficial view of performance.
If performance analysis is to continue to advance understanding of sports
pe rforma nce then it mus t fin d be tter me thod s of co llec ting a nd a naly zing
match analysis data. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and explain a
new data analysis method that has the potential to make a significant contri-
bution to analyses of sports performance. Data from preliminary studies of
football performance are also presented to show the potential outcome from
the analysis process.
T-pattern detection and analysis
T h e a n a ly s is a p p ro a c h p re s e n t e d i s b a s e d o n a p ro c e s s k n o wn a s T-
pattern detection which allows the detection of the temporal and sequential
structure of a data set. The method has been developed, outside of sport, on
the assumption that complex streams of human behaviour have a temporal/
sequential structure tha n can not be fully detected through un aid ed ob ser-
v a t i o n o r w i t h t h e h e l p o f s t a n d a r d s t a t i s t i c a l a n d b e h a v i o u r a n a l y s i s
me th ods. Give n tha t ob servation al reco rds o f hu ma n be havio ur, including
sport performance analysis, have both a temporal and sequential structure
an analysis tool that can describe this structure will enhance understanding
of the behaviour (s) being studied. A generic observational software package
called The me has be en spec ifically deve lo ped to o peration alis e T-pa tte rn
detection as an analysis process (Magnusson, 1996, 2000).