186 SHOZIMOV,
BESHIMOV,
YUNUSOVA
By June 1990, the Supreme Soviet in Moscow decreed the transition to a regu-
lated market economy.
26
But by now events in Central Asia and elsewhere were
outstripping the capital. On August 24 the Tajik Republic issued a Declaration
of Sovereignty, and on November 30 a Ferghana Valley native, Mahkamov, was
named president. It is tempting to contrast him to his counterparts in Kyrgyzstan and
Uzbekistan, Masaliev and Usmankhodzhaev, both of whom met with misfortune.
But since Mahkamov was the only representative of the Ferghana Valley to retain
a senior position in the government of Tajikistan, this contrast is scarcely apt, the
less so since the rising elites from the south of Tajikistan already held a Sword of
Damocles over his head. Faced with this fundamental challenge, Mahkamov began
bringing elites from heretofore underrepresented regions into key administrative
posts, naming residents of Kulyab, Garm, and Badakhshan to the chairmanships of
the Council of Ministers, State Planning Committee, and Supreme Soviet, respec-
tively. The voice of Ferghana in national affairs was fast being diluted.
The geographical power shift did not end with this. Younger officials from Ku-
lyab in the south, and also officials from Garm and Badakhshan, wanted more than
they had been offered. A. Niazi argues that those from Garm were especially active
in bringing about the overthrow of Ferghana power in Tajikistan that began during
the “hot February” of 1990.
27
But whatever Garm’s role in the short-term, more
fundamental changes were occurring that favored the further south, for example
in Kulyab. To understand the change, one must recall that of the Ferghana Valley
political elites in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, only those from Leninabad
province in Tajikistan had direct and close ties with Moscow. This enabled them to
build and maintain through the decades their preeminent position in the government
of the republic. At the same time the Soviet rulers, like their tsarist predecessors,
controlled Tajikistan mainly through Tashkent. Hence, the Uzbek Republic had a
veto over economic decisions in Tajikistan, and Moscow came to see Leninabad
as a link in the chain of control that ended in Dushanbe.
The collapse of the Soviet Union destroyed these “north controls south” arrange-
ments in Tajikistan, as they eventually were to do in Kyrgyzstan as well. In the
case of Tajikistan, the southerners could tar the northerners, for example those from
Ferghana, as relics of the communist nomenklatura
, and claim for themselves the
high ground of the national language and culture. As this occurred, the Leninabad
leadership reoriented itself away from the ethnic and national identity being pro-
moted in Dushanbe and embraced a more regional and Ferghana-based identity.
This process was clearly articulated in the Leninabad press of the time. Thus,
a People’s Deputy from Leninabad province discussed the “Complex Facets of
Regionalism” in
Leninabadskaia pravda. He noted that southern elites were strug-
gling to get candidates from Kulyab and Badakhshan elected to national offices.
Having heretofore ignored regional identities, he now detected an alarming trend in
Tajikistan’s political development. He quotes a statement by a southern politician
who asked, “How much longer will the Leninabad people control the republic?”
Searching for his own identity, the Deputy now favored Ferghana rather than the
THE FERGHANA VALLEY DURING PERESTROIKA 187
national form of identity being promoted by Tajikistan’s southerners. In spite of their
distinct cultural features, he argued, Ferghana people should not be excluded from
the new national form of identity.
28
The Deputy concluded his essay by proclaiming,
“YES, WE ARE THE NATIVES OF THE FERGHANA VALLEY.”
A related development was the mounting pressure during 1991
to oust the
Ferghanan Mahkamov from the presidency of the Tajik Republic and replace him
with Rakhmon Nabiev. Everyone understood that both the authorities and opposi-
tion forces had far-reaching designs to make this happen. The Central Committee
of Tajikistan’s Communist Party published a report calling for this, while the
Rastokhez party, the Democratic Party of Tajikistan, and the still-illegal Islamic
Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IRPT) were all maneuvering to throw the Ferghana
elites from power in Dushanbe. The Central Committee found a pretext for this
action in what it considered Mahkamov’s slow response to the attempted putsch
against Gorbachev on August 19–21.
Mahkamov mounted a most revealing self-defense. He explained that he and a
delegation were scheduled to fly to Moscow on August 19 to sign the new union
treaty the next day. But on the morning of the nineteenth, a delegation from the
Vorukh enclave in the Isfara district of the Ferghana Valley asked him to hold off
signing the treaty because border issues had not been resolved. In other words,
even at this critical juncture the president championed the interests of the Ferghana
Valley and of a Tajik enclave there, and used these to justify his opposition to the
union treaty. He went on to indicate that only at 8:30 that evening did the head of
the Democratic Party of Tajikistan bring him a letter demanding that he denounce
the putsch and call on the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to convene a special ses-
sion of the Congress of People’s Deputies—or they would otherwise appeal to
the people of Tajikistan to go on an indefinite strike. On August 21 at 4:00
p
.
m
. he
voiced his support for this position.
29
Mahkamov’s response
was neutral and ambiguous, except for the idea that
the Tajik Republic might in the end assert its sovereignty. This turned out to be
insufficient, for the Party nomenklatura wanted a new and stronger person capable
of protecting their positions and status. After Mahkamov’s resignation, authority
temporarily passed to Aslonov from Garm. Later, on September 9, 1991 thousands
of protesters from the Democratic Party of Tajikistan, the Rastokhez movement,
and the IRPT demanded that the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan lift the ban on the
latter. The Democratic Party, which had split from the Rastokhez movement, had
been legalized in June.
The first person nominated for the new presidency was a native of Leninabad,
Rakhmon Nabiev, who was followed by the well-known filmmaker, Davlat Khu-
donazarov from Badakhshan. Everyone knew that the old Soviet nomenklatura
would support Nabiev while the Democratic Party, Rastokhez, the IRPT, and a
Pamiri group, the Lali Badakhshan, would back Khudonazarov. Elections were
set for October. Before they could be held, the Supreme Soviet on September 23
dismissed Aslonov after he had tried to ban the Communist Party and remove a
188 SHOZIMOV, BESHIMOV, YUNUSOVA
Lenin statue from a main square in Dushanbe. Concurrently, the new Congress
named Nabiev acting president of Tajikistan and declared a state of emergency.
Confrontations broke out at once between supporters of the Supreme Soviet and
the Congress of People’s Deputies.
Leninabadskaia pravda darkly warned that
the situation threatened not only the Leninabad political elites, but the Ferghana
region as a whole.
A Leninabad deputy wrote that “[oppositionists] are running the show in Dushan-
be.” Indeed, he had been told that the crowds there were calling for all politicians
from Leninabad to leave the capital.
30
On November 24, 1991 Nabiev emerged as
the winner of the presidential elections. On December 8 the heads of now-sovereign
Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus met at Belovezhsk in Belarus and effectively dis-
solved the USSR, forming instead the Commonwealth of Independent States. On
December 21, eleven of the former Soviet republics supported these decisions, and
four days later Mikhail Gorbachev resigned. Nabiev then came out in support of the
Belovezhsk agreement. This should have launched a phase of state-building, but
in Tajikistan it was cut short by a civil war in which some 50,000 people perished
and twice that number were left homeless or refugees. Only after the signing of an
inter-Tajik treaty in 1997 did an independent Tajikistan begin to form.
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