12 SAIDOV,
ANARBAEV, GORIYACHEVA
the stakes including not only control over Ferghana but of the other Karakhanid
holdings as far west as Bukhara and as far east as Kashgar. Each shift in power
brought about a move of the mint, which was based at various times in Ahsiket,
Uzgen, and elsewhere.
69
In the twelfth century Uzgen continued strengthening and protecting its position as
the capital of Ferghana. The results of this are the beautiful ornamented brick tombs
and minarets that survive there today. Uzgen maintained its status as a mint until
1178.
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Soon after 1212
ce
the entire southern part of Ferghana was conquered, ruled,
and at times decimated by yet other Turkic groups, one from Khorezm in the western
part of Central Asia and the others, the Karakitai, from East Turkestan. This was a
prelude to the Mongol conquest after 1219. Ismail, the ruler of Ahsiket and Kasan,
quickly expressed his obedience to Genghis Khan’s military commander and thereby
saved his cities. But not everyone did the same. Khujand, the western gateway to
Ferghana, resisted bitterly and was destroyed. Not breaking with tradition, Mongols
eventually situated their local capital at Uzgen and placed their treasury there.
The Mongol conquerors devastated Ferghana along
with other provinces of
Central Asia. Only at the start of the thirteenth century did the process of economic
revival take hold. Before the Mongol conquest, silver-covered
copper dirhems
minted in Ferghana, Uzgen, Merv, and elsewhere
had been the main currency
circulating in Central Asia. At the end of the twelfth century
ce
, however, a deep
currency crisis began in Ferghana, exacerbated by the economic blow the Mongol
conquest had inflicted on Ferghana and other parts of Central Asia. The crisis of
silver-covered copper dirhem went so far that Mahmud Yalavach, the merchant-
ruler of Ferghana, made no effort to restore the monetary trade and did not even
try to return to the use of dirhems.
71
By now Ferghana had become thoroughly Muslim, and the Mongols had reason
to fear that, as non-Muslims, they might have trouble sustaining their rule there.
What most weakened the Mongols was infighting between successors to the far-off
throne. Timur the Lame (also known as Tamerlane) capitalized on this situation by
conquering Ferghana in 1370–71. After the conclusion of his eastern campaigns
in 1404
ce
Timur delegated control over East Turkestan (now Xinjiang in China)
to his governor in Ferghana.
72
But the division of large Turkic empires into prin-
cipalities continued after Timur, when a unified Ferghana left to one of Timur’s
sons began to break apart.
73
By the fifteen century competing coins were being
minted in Andijan, Margilan, Osh, and Khujand, with economic interests clearly
ascendant over any aspirations for political independence.
In 1479 the local throne in Andijan fell to an ambitious eighteen-year-old, Sultan
Ahmed, the son of Abu Said, who promptly began launching attacks on the Mongol’s
suzerain, Omar Sheikh, who in turn allied himself with the Mongol ruler Yunus Khan.
After several years of exceedingly complex maneuvers, in which the point at issue
was who would attack Samarkand and who would remain in control in Ferghana,
Timur’s heir in Ferghana had managed to bargain away province after province
in order obtain for himself a secure rule in Andijan. Eventually this pitiful ruler
THE PRE-COLONIAL LEGACY 13
was sending his neighbors to attack his enemies
74
while he himself stayed home and
amused himself on the roof of his pigeon house. When he unexpectedly fell to his
death, much of Ferghana became a theater of feudal war.
75
Eventually a mere twelve-
year-old, Babur of Ahsiket, became ruler of the principality of Ferghana. Rulers from
as far afield as Kashgar in Xinjiang also vied for the various parts of Ferghana. When
Babur’s father emerged victorious he distributed lands, titles and money to his loyal
beks
according to their status.
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