Ferghana Valley


The Early Middle Ages (Fifth to Eighth Centuries



Download 3,45 Mb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet6/201
Sana04.04.2022
Hajmi3,45 Mb.
#527325
1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   ...   201
Bog'liq
Ferghana Valley The Heart of Central Asia ( PDFDrive )

The Early Middle Ages (Fifth to Eighth Centuries 
ce
)
During the early medieval period, Sogdian-Turkic traders reached China, Korea 
and Japan; as well as the Mediterranean, Iran, India, and Ceylon. The Sogdian 
language became the language of international trade and communication. Using the 
Great Silk Road, people transported silk, precious stones, gold and silver jewelry, 
ornaments of colored glass, pharmaceuticals and paint, thoroughbred horses, and 
various fruits. Along these routes there also passed religious missionaries, master 
craftsmen, musicians, actors, and artists. The palace feasts of Chinese emperors were 
accompanied by performances of dancers and singers from Ferghana, Sogdiana, 
and Chach (Tashkent), while Central Asians judged their wealth by the quantity 
of Chinese silk they owned.
45
By the sixth and seventh centuries 
ce
, Ferghana 
also practiced sericulture, fragments of which have turned up in various European 
treasuries.
46
But silk was only one among many valuables exported from Ferghana. 
In 479 Ferghanans reciprocated a visit by Chinese ambassadors by sending to that 
realm an embassy that brought their famous horses as gifts.
47
The Ferghana Valley became increasingly Turkicized during the late Kushan 
period between the late 500s through the 650s 
ce
, as the Western Turk state 
extended its authority there.
48
The Turks successfully played off the various city-
states against each other. They met strong resistance but eventually established 
new Turkic dynasties at Kasan and Ahsiket, called Gesay and Sigyan by Chinese 
sources.
49
Shortly afterward, the Arab conqueror Kutaiba attacked the country, 
leading punitive raids against Turks in alliance with the Tibetans. It looked briefly 
as if a Ferghana-Chinese alliance might lead both the anti-Turk and anti-Arab 


10 SAIDOV, ANARBAEV, GORIYACHEVA
resistance. The Ferghanans entered into an alliance with China, which repelled 
the Western Turkic Kaganat and subdued Ferghana, renaming it Ninyuan. But 
in 739 
ce
the Turkic prince Arslan Tarkhan took control of Ferghana away from 
China, and thenceforth headed the anti-Arabic movement.
By the seventh century 
ce
, Sigyan (Ahsiket) had again become the major city of 
the Ferghana Valley,
50
with only two other Ferghanan cities—Gesay at Mug-tepe and 
Humyn—figuring in the Chinese chronicles.
51
In the first quarter of the eighth century 
ce
, the Arab writer al Taraba mentions five Ferghana cities.
52
The eighth century “Sog-
dian Documents from the Mug Mountain” report the existence of a king of Ferghana 
and a Ferghana tutuk (representative). Foreign sources of the 500–700 period refer to 
Ferghana as Faihani, Bohan, Pahana,
53
with its capital at Ferghana which, as argued 
earlier, must be the same as the Eski Ahsi settlement at Ahsiket.
54
The other capital city of Ferghana at that time was the city of Kasan, now 
Kasansai, where the tutuk of the Western Turkic Kaganate lived. This trapezoidal-
shaped city occupied several high hills on the Uzbek side of the Uzbek-Kyrgyz 
border. This strongly fortified town, with six towers, had arisen in the first century 
bce
and was now one of the most defensible places in the entire region.
55
A third 
urban center of the early Middle Ages was Kuva, a classic three-part Central Asian 
settlement with citadel (ark), inner city (shakhristan), suburbs (rabad), and a major 
Buddhist temple that functioned as late as the eighth century 
ce
.
56
The regional 
governor resided here.
57
All these cities gradually evolved from being mere castles with settlements 
attached to being the economic and social centers of entire oases. They drew the 
entire life of their respective oases into their well-developed markets, streets, and 
buildings.
58
Religious life in this last pre-Muslim era centered at the Sulaiman-Too 
Mountain near Osh, dubbed by Chinese chronicles the “city of the saints, or highly 
sacred Mountain.”
59
The Turkic conquest of the valley led to a new phase of its development. Nu-
merous examples of Turkic runic writing have recently been found in cemeteries 
and elsewhere, suggesting that Turks’ role expanded from politics into culture 
during the early Middle Ages.
60
Their rule also fostered improvements in animal 
husbandry, creating more effective animal power for farming and manufactur-
ing.
61
The Turks’ arrival did not disrupt the continuity of Ferghana’s royal dynasty. 
Continuity helped Ferghana rulers grow more powerful and to oppose any form of 
mutual subordination.
62
Thus, on the eve of the Arab conquest, Ferghana thrived as 
a powerful and self-confident land based on economically prosperous city-states 
but without a powerfully centralized administration and with inter-city competition 
the order of the day.
The first campaign of Arabian conquest took place in 712 
ce
, headed by Kutteiba 
ibn Muslim. Citizens of the Ferghana strongly resisted. In 715 
ce
Kutteiba attacked 
Ferghana for the second time and also rebelled against his own caliph, Suleiman 
(715–717 
ce
). But his troops did not support him and he was soon killed. Locals 
still point out his grave in the village of Jalal Kuduk near Andijan.


THE PRE-COLONIAL LEGACY 11
The Arabs left governors in Ferghana and other places to lead local troops and 
collect taxes; however, the people of Ferghana remained independent, relying on 
the strength of the Turkic tribes. Around 720 
ce
Ferghana was ruled by a strong 
king named Alutar. In 723 
ce
, he linked up with other Turkic forces from Chach 
(Tashkent) to strike a blow against the Arabs, chasing them the entire way to 
Samarkand. A few years later another Turkic leader, Arslan Tarkhan,
63
ruled all 
Ferghana and developed friendly relations with the Chinese.
64
Mansur (754–775) 
forced the king of Ferghana to live in Kashgar and levied an annual payment on 
him. However, the Ferghanans still resisted politically and militarily, and they re-
fused to meet the Arabs’ major demand—to embrace Islam. Under Caliph Mamun 
(813–833) the Arabs sent troops once more against the population of Ferghana. 
In the end Mamun granted governance over Ferghana and certain other provinces 
to the Samanid dynasty of Samarkand, but even this did not mark the Arabs’ last 
effort to subdue the region.

Download 3,45 Mb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   ...   201




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish