THE PRE-COLONIAL LEGACY 23
Abu al-Abbas Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Kasir al-Ferghani, a student of the
historian Tabari, and his son Ahmed ibn Abdullo al-Ferghani, were famous histori-
ans of the tenth century who worked mainly in Egypt and Baghdad. Both of them
continued to write
A History of Prophets and Kings, which was originally created
by Tabari, who continued it up until 915
ce
. Besides that, Ahmed al-Ferghani wrote
two works on the history of Egypt.
142
Another famous Ferghana historian was Saif
ad’din Ahsikendi who in the sixteenth century wrote
Majma’at at-tavarih (The
Composition of Histories) in Tajik.
143
A highly regarded Ferghani poet of the seventh century was Abu-l-Fazl Muham-
mad ibn Tahir Asir ad’din Ahsikati. His
divan of poems written in Tajik consisted of
5,756 couplets. Another famous poet of that epoch was Saifi Isfarangi, of the town
of Isfara, whose poetic works in Tajik include more than 12, 000 couplets.
144
During the Karakhanid period, the formation of a Turkic literature was very
intensive, with the parallel development of literature in Persian (Dari, or Tajik).
The connection between the two was very close, given the prevalence of bilin-
gualism. Good examples of this is the
Kutadgu Bilig by Yusuf of Balasagun or
Mahmud al-Kashgari’s great work on Turkic ethnography and linguistics, as well
as comparable works in Persian. Another Ferghanan, Ahmed Yugnaki, wrote the
poem
Gift of Virtues in Turkic.
Valuable data on ancient Muslim scholars, readers, oracles and poets can be
gleaned from the posthumous epitaphs in Arabic or Persian on their gravestones,
or
kayraks. One reads, for example, about Ali ibn Osman, the author of legal works
and court orders who died in 1173
ce
in Osh. He was also the author of 1,000
essays on the sayings and stories of the Prophet Muhammad, and
Kasidi (poetic
descriptions of the foundations of Islam). Muhammad
ibn Ahmad ibn Ali abu
Abdullah, also buried in Osh (d. 1125
ce
), receives mention in the literature as a
scholar-lecturer in Baghdad.
145
A group of epitaphs adorned with sayings from Omar Khayam and Abdilkhasan
Rudaki have been found in Uzgen, Nookat, and Safed-Bulon; these are dedicated to
the highly educated clergy who were professional readers of
the
Sayings of Moham-
med and other core religious works. From these texts on graves it is clear that the
best-known religious leaders not only bore such titles as imam, sheikh, al-islam,
and mufti, but often acted as civil and judicial authorities (
rais and
qadis).
146
One of the giants of fifteenth-century history and literature is Zahir ad’din
Muhammad Babur, from the city of Ahsiket. He founded the vast Mughal Empire
which existed for 300 years in India, and created many poetic works in which
he showed himself to be a master of his native Chagatai Uzbek language. One
of the most notable literary monuments of this period is his autobiography, the
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