xx
k
Thermal conductivity [Wm
−1
K
−1
]
k
1
Thermal conductivity of base liquid[Wm
−1
K
−1
]
k
BF
Base fluid thermal
conductivity
[Wm
−1
K
−1
]
k
b
Boltzmann constant (= 1.3807 × 10
−23
J/K)
k
eff
Nanofluid effective thermal conductivity [Wm
−1
K
−1
]
k
f
Thermal conductivity of the base fluid [Wm
−1
K
−1
]
k
m
Effective thermal conductivity of the fluid caused by convection
k
O
Thermal conductivity of base fluid [Wm
−1
K
−1
]
k
low
Lower limit of thermal conductivity
Lower limit of thermal conductivity [Wm
−1
K
−1
]
k
p
Thermal conductivity of the particles
[Wm
−1
K
−1
]
k
i
Thermal conductivity of the interfacial shell [Wm
−1
K
−1
]
L
Length of the test section [m]
l
BF
Mean
free path for water
(= 0.17 nm)
Μ
Dynamic viscosity [Nsm
−2
]
ṁ
Mass flow rate [kg/s]
n
Empirical shape factor (= 3/Ψ)
xxiii
μ
r
Relative
viscosity
Φ
Particle volume fraction
Ψ
Sphericity
ρ
Density [kg/m
3
]
ρ
N
Density of the nanoparticle [kg/m
3
]
τ
Shear stress [N/m
2
]
ξ
Thermal
conductivity enhancement
Abbreviations
NF
6% volume fraction Al
2
O
3
(47 nm)/water nanofluid
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Modern researchers are in search for a suitable means of efficient heat dissipation for
increased range of temperature operation, compact design, cost reduction etc. The
conventional cooling fluids such as water and air are proving inadequate to achieve the
required trend of current needs. Many studies have suggested the use of two phase fluids
consisting of suspension of micro/millimeter sized particles in base fluids such as water
or oil due to the higher thermal conductivities of the suspended solids (Eastman et al.,
1996, Beck et al., 2006, Minsta et al., 2007). Although such two phase fluids show
improvement in the heat transfer characteristics, they inherit problems such as clogging,
sedimentation and abrasive action of the particles. These problems are much more
amplified when using these fluids in micro/mini channels.
It was not until the mid-1990’s when advancement in manufacturing technology led to a
development
in nanoparticles, a new class and size of material whose size range is around
1-100 nm. A nanometer is equivalent to one billionth of a meter (see Figure 1.1). These
nanoparticles show promising new applications in the field of heat transfer and flow due
to their size which permits them to stay as a stable suspension indefinitely in liquid base
fluid. Also, nanoparticles have much more surface area per unit volume when compared
2
with millimeter/micrometer sized particles which can be beneficial for heat transfer.
Nanofluid is essentially a two phase solid suspended in liquid mixture in which the solid
particles size ranges in nanometers. Typical solid particles can be metals such as
aluminum, copper, nickel, etc. or oxides of such metals. The liquid or the base fluid can
be water or other organic compounds such as ethylene glycol, oils etc. Nanofluids are
believed to have better heat transfer capabilities while eliminating problems such as
sedimentation, corrosion and clogging.
Figure 1.1 Comparison of size of nanoparticles with other substances (nanoparticles are indicated as
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: