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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would first like to thank the University of North Dakota for providing me with an
excellent opportunity to pursue my Master’s program. I would like to thank my advisor
Dr. Clement Tang for his continual support as well as his guidance in the contents of the
research which led to the timely completion of my thesis. Dr. Tang has given me vast
amount of ideas to conduct research efficiently for which I will be highly indebted to him
throughout my life. I am very much indebted to the Professor Forrest Ames and Professor
Nanak Grewal their continual guidance and encouragement for the time during my
master’s program.
I also would like to acknowledge Matthew Cox for his continual efforts and help during
the research. I would like to thank John Roche of Emerson Rosemount for donating three
pressure transducers which were critical for the outcome of this research.
I would also like to thank my family members, my mother Shanta Tiwari, my sister
Samriddi Tiwari and my brother in law Sushil Joshi whose continual emotional support
has helped me to stay focused and organized. I am very much grateful to my friend
Samira Kharel for her continuous encouragement and help. Finally I would like to thank
Gary Dubuque, Jay Evenstad and Teri Berg, staff of the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, University of North Dakota for their continuous help.
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In Loving Memory of my father, Dr. Dirgha Nidhi Tiwari
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ABSTRACT
Various thermophysical properties, fluid flow parameter and heat transfer characteristics
were measured for nanofluid with 6% volume concentration of solid Al
2
O
3
nanoparticles
in water. Thermal conductivity measurements showed that there is a definite
enhancement in thermal conductivity of the nanofluid compared to that of water. At 7°C,
the enhancement was 16% which decreased to 6.96% at 50°C.
The viscosity measurements of the 6% volume concentration Al
2
O
3
/water nanofluid
showed that its viscosity is higher by a factor of 1.25 to 10.24 than the viscosity of water.
Also the measurements of the viscosity of different volume concentration of Al
2
O
3
/water
nanofluid showed that, the viscosity decreases as the volume concentration decreases.
The plot between the shear stress and strain rate for the 6% volume concentration
Al
2
O
3
/water nanofluid showed that it is a Newtonian fluid for the range of strain rate
between 6–122 s
−1
. Several readings of viscosity were taken by subjecting the nanofluid
to heating and cooling cycle. It was found that above 62.65°C, the 6% volume
concentration Al
2
O
3
/water nanofluid experiences an irrecoverable increase in viscosity
and when cooled from beyond this temperature, a hysteresis effect on the viscosity is
seen.
The friction factor results for laminar flow for the 6% volume concentration Al
2
O
3
/water
nanofluid showed that it matches the value given by the Hagen-Poiseulle equation
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(
f
= 64/
Re
). The transition from laminar flow to turbulent was found to occur at a
Reynolds number of approximately 1500.
The convective heat transfer results were in agreement with that proposed by the
Lienhard correlation (Lienhard and Lienhard, 2008). For fully developed laminar flow,
the Nusselt number under constant heat flux condition was found to be within ±7% of
4.36. In the laminar flow regime, the Nusselt numbers for thermally developing flow
were within ±10% of the value calculated from the Lienhard correlation.
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NOMENCLATURE
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