English Words



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Bog'liq
Francis Katamba English Words

Military
cordon sanitaire, barrage, hors de combat, matériel, RV
(rendez-vous), reveille (in English pronounced /rivælI/)
b.
Diplomacy and protocol
corps diplomatique, chargé d’affaires, communiqué
c.
Government and politics
ancien régime, dirigiste, coup d'état, laissez-faire, l'état
c’est moi, agent provocateur 
We will return to this in more detail in section (
10.3
).
Names of animals, birds and plants from around the world have entered English from all kinds of
languages spoken in different parts of the world, for example:
[10.5]
chimpanzee (Angola)
panda (Nepalese)
koala (Australia)
tsetse (fly) (Tswana)
kookaburra (Australia)
zebra (Congo)
kudu (Xhosa, South Africa)
Names of diseases found in foreign lands have also been imported. Beriberi came from Sinhalese in the
last century. Kwashiorkor, a children’s disease caused by protein deficiency, came from a Ghanaian
language in the 1930s. Malaria came from Italian mal aria ‘bad air’ in the mid-eighteenth century when it
was believed to be caused by the ‘bad’ steamy air exuded by the marsh-lands. It was only later that it was
discovered that this disease is caused by a mosquito-transmitted parasite.
Numerous words referring to food have been imported as the range of foreign foods eaten here has
increased. Think of:
[10.6]
goulash (Hungarian)
enchiladas (Mexican Spanish)
moussaka (Greek)
tacos (Mexican Spanish)
The same point can be further illustrated with examples of words referring to dress. We could in principle
coin a fresh word or just use a roundabout description of a sarong (Malay), kimono (Japanese), parka
(Aleutian), anorak (Greenlandic Eskimo) and shawl (Persian). But it is simpler to import the object together
with the name for it.
Sometimes borrowing occurs for a different reason—the need to acquire the mot juste which is available
in another language. For instance, English does not have a native word or expression with the precise
meaning conveyed by the French loanwords chic, flair, esprit de corps, naïve, elegant or blasé. Try to think
A LEXICAL MOSAIC 137


of how you would convey these ideas without using the French imports. I suspect that almost any
alternative you come up with would appear somewhat clumsy. Or, think of a ménage à trois. You could use
the loan translation ‘a household with three partners’, but it does not quite roll off the tongue.
In section (
9.11
) above, we saw how euphemism is used to avoid causing annoyance or embarrassment.
The same motivation may also lie behind borrowing a word from another language. It seems that less
embarrassment is caused when awkward things are said using words from a foreign language. So English
borrowed faeces and defecate from Latin. Using them enables one to avoid distasteful four-letter words.
Latin faeces meant ‘dregs’ and to defecate meant ‘to clear from dregs or impurities’. This was
metaphorically extended as a euphemism for ‘to empty the bowels’. Propriety also lies behind the
euphemistic use of the borrowed Latin words genitalia and pudenda as well as the importation of several
words used to talk discreetly about shady sexual activities and participants therein, e.g. maison de
rendezvous, gigolo
and madame from French, and bordello from Italian.

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