English Words


The grass is ever greener on the other side



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Francis Katamba English Words

10.1.5
The grass is ever greener on the other side
English has an extremely rich and varied vocabulary because it has enthusiastically borrowed foreign words
in very large numbers. Each century the number of words adopted from foreign languages has increased. As
we saw earlier, the main source of imports over the centuries has been French. This can be seen in the
following tables from Bliss (1966:26) which show the number of foreign words in use at various points in
the history of English (c is short for ‘century’ in these tables):
[10.7]
Medieval
16c
17c
18c
19c
20c
French
19
42
166
316
736
1103
Classical
89
237
371
173
328
250
Italian

26
48
100
90
153
German

2
2
4
58
240
Spanish

13
14
14
47
32
Other European
4
10
13
22
49
53
Non-European
2
12
56
35
97
55
TOTAL
114
342
670
664
1405
1886
In another table on page 27 of the same book (see [10.8]), Bliss presents figures showing the percentage
of the total borrowing during each period which is made up of words from each of these different
languages: 
[10.8]
Medieval
16c
17c
18c
19c
20c
French
16.7
12.2
24.8
47.7
52.3
58.6
Classical
78
69.4
55.3
25.9
23.4
13.2
Italian
7.6
7.2
15.1
6.4
8.1
German
0.6
0.3
0.6
4.1
12.7
138 ENGLISH WORDS


Medieval
16c
17c
18c
19c
20c
Spanish
3.8
2.1
2.1
3.4
1.7
Other European
3.5
2.9
1.9
3.3
3.5
2.8
Non-European
1.8
3.5
8.4
5.3
6.9
2.9
The preponderance of French loans becomes even clearer when they are seen as a percentage of the total
number of words from other languages.
Although the classical languages, Greek and Latin, are major sources of roots and affixes we will not
deal with them separately here, for two reasons. First, there was extensive borrowing by Latin from Greek
and this sometimes makes it difficult to tell which words are Latin and which Greek. Second, French, the
most important source of English loanwords, is descended from Latin. This muddies waters. It is not always
clear whether a word is a direct Latin import or one that came in indirectly, via French. This does not mean
that loans from the classical languages are ignored. We have dealt with them already in other contexts: see
the earlier discussion in sections (
4.2.1
) and (
6.5.1
).

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