Etymology of Words conditions and reasons of borrowing The adaptation of borrowed words

Etymology of Words

• 1) Conditions and reasons of borrowing
• 2) The adaptation of borrowed words
• 3) International words
• 4) Etymological doublets and triplets
• 5) Translation-loans and their stylistic characteristics

Conditions of borrowings

• -to fill the gap in the vocabulary

E.G “butter’’, “plum” (Latin w/)

• - to add a shade of meaning

E.G “desire ’’, “adore ” (French w/)

Adaptation of a borrowed word

• The phonetic area

(regime, café, ballet (Fr.b)

• The grammatical area

(datum-data, phenomenon-phenomena, datum-data Lat.b)

The semantic area

(large-wide, gay- noble, bright, multi-colored)

Three areas

International words

- Greek or Latin origin

(- philosophy, mathematics, physics and etc., music, theatre, drama, tragedy, comedy)

• English origin (- football, cricket, golf, rugby and all kinds of sport)
• Russian origin (- sputnik, dacha, kolkhoz )

are the words, borrowed by several languages at once due to their cultural or scientific importance

Etymological doublets

Etymological doublets

• Shirt (a nat. w) - skirt (Scand.bor)
• Canal (Lat.) – channel (Fr.)
• Captain (Lat.) – chieftain (Fr)

• Hospital (Lat.) – hostel (Norm.Fr.) - hotel (Par.Fr.)
• To capture (Lat.) – to catch (N/Fr) – to chase (Par.fr.)

Etymological triplets

Translation-loans

E.g.

• Masterpiece (from Meisterstuck)
• Wonder child (Wunderkind)
• First dancer (from prima-ballerina)
• Collective farm (from колхоз)

E.g.

• Blitzkrieg – lightning war

Compare:

• Motherly love – maternal leave
• Fatherly support – paternal hierarchy
• Childish charm- infantile diseases
• Handy – manual
• Sunny weather-solar system
• Toothy grin- dental care
• Nosy man – nasal sound