There is a number of other good reasons for importing words. One of them is IDENTITY. Language is
much more than simply a means of communication. It is also a badge that we wear to assert our identity. By
using a particular language, bilingual speakers may be saying something about how they perceive
themselves and how they wish to relate to their interlocutor. For instance, if a patient initiates an exchange
with a doctor in the doctor’s surgery in Yiddish, that may be a signal of solidarity, saying: you and I are
members of the same subgroup. Alternatively, rather than choosing between languages, these two people
may prefer CODESWITCHING. They may produce sentences which are partly in English and partly in
Yiddish. If foreign words are used habitually in code-switching, they may pass from one language into
another and eventually become fully integrated and cease being regarded as foreign. That is probably how
words like
schlemiel (a very clumsy, bungling idiot who is always a victim),
schmaltz ‘cloying, banal
sentimentality’ and
goyim ‘gentile’ passed from Yiddish into (American) English. The fact that there is no
elegant English equivalent to these Yiddish words was no doubt also a factor in their adoption. (See p. 197
below for further discussion.)
Sometimes the reason for code-switching is PRESTIGE, i.e. oneupmanship. People have always liked
showing off. By using fashionable words from a fashionable foreign culture one shows that one is with it,
one is modern, one is part of the
crème de la crème, and so on. Shakespeare’s Mercutio is his parody of the
þardonnez-moi
brigade puts this point across succinctly:
[10.2]
Why, is not this a lamentable thing, grandsire, that we should be thus afflicted with these strange flies, these fashion-
mongers, these
þardonnez-mois, who stand so much on the new form that they cannot sit at ease on the old bench? O,
their
bons, their
bons!
(
Romeo and Juliet, II, iv)
Another obvious reason for borrowing is to provide a word that meets a need for a word where no
suitable English one exists. When new concepts, creatures, artefacts, institutions, religions etc. are
encountered or introduced through contact with speakers of another language, the words for them from the
source language tend to be retained. At various periods in history different civilisations have been pre-
eminent in one field or another. Normally, the language of the people who excel in a particular field of
human endeavour becomes the international lingua franca of that field. Words belonging to the SEMANTIC
FIELD (i.e. area of meaning) of a domain of experience, such as music, dance, religion, government and
politics, architecture, science, clothes and fashion, are imported from the language of the pre-eminent
civilisation during that period. Thus, the concentration of borrowed words in certain semantic fields reflects
the nature of the contact between speech communities. It reflects the areas where new words had to be
acquired in order to fill a perceived gap. I will illustrate this in a preliminary manner now and return to it
later in this chapter.
During the Middle Ages, when scientific knowledge was more advanced in the Arab world than in the
west, a number of Arabic scientific terms were indirectly borrowed by English from French, which had
acquired them from Spanish, a very important conduit of Arab science and culture to western Europe
because Spain was occupied by the Moors in the Middle Ages. Examples of such terms include the
following in [10.3a] (many
of which begin with al—the Arabic definite article):
[10.3]
a.
alchemy, alcohol, alembic, algebra, alkali, zenith, zero
b.
Koran, imam, caliph, muezzin, mullah, Ramadan etc.
136 ENGLISH WORDS
Besides being the language of science in the Middle Ages, Arabic was, and still remains, the language of
Islam. Virtually all the words used in English connected with Islam are borrowed from Arabic.
For centuries, French was the language of government, politics, the military, diplomacy and protocol.
Hence a large number of words in this semantic area are from French:
[10.4]
a.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: