English Words


LOANWORDS FROM NON-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES



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Francis Katamba English Words

10.5
LOANWORDS FROM NON-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES
Though less numerous than loans from European languages, words adopted from non-European languages
are not insignificant in number. Following increasing contact with peoples from outside Europe from the
sixteenth century onwards, growing numbers of words were borrowed from their languages. Naturally,
some of these words had to do with people, e.g. pakeha (Maori) white person; Sherpa, the name of a
Tibetan people living on the slopes of the Himalayas; and Gurka, people of Nepal. Others are in the
semantic field of culture (music, dance, art etc.), e.g. samba (Brazil), rhumba (Cuba), tango (Argentina),
didgeridoo
(Australia) and batik (Javanese).
The languages of the Indian subcontinent in what is now India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, have been an
especially important source of verbal imports. India has been in contact with Britain since the seventeenth
century, and these centuries of contact have left their mark on English. There are many words borrowed
from Indian languages in various areas of the English lexicon. The account below of Indian loanwords in
English is based on Rao (1954).
Rao points out that the nature of the borrowed words changed as time went on, reflecting developments
outside language. There are a few loanwords for trade goods which pre-date the Raj, e.g. copra, coir,
A LEXICAL MOSAIC 151


pepper, sugar, indigo, ginger
and sandal. These were indirect borrowings which came into English via
Latin, Greek, French, and so on.
In the early years of the British colonisation of India, loans reflected the commerce between India and
Britain—not surprisingly, since that is what colonising India was all about. Words for various kinds of
Indian textiles, e.g. calico, chintz, dungaree (extended in the nineteenth century to trousers made from this
material) came into English with the goods.
With the passage of time, the range of Indian loanwords widened. As they became more involved with
the Indians, the British realised that the subcontinent had more to it than calico and chintz. Words for
mundane trade goods still figured in the verbal imports, but they were joined by words in diverse areas of
meaning such as religion, philology, food and cooking and so on. The table in [10.30] (from Rao 1954)
gives some idea of the wealth and diversity of the Indian borrowings. 
[10.30]
a.
Hinduism:
Buddha, Brahmin, karma, pundit, yoga, yogi, mantra, nirvana, sutra
b. Food:
chutney, chapati, curry, poppadom
c.
Clothing:
cashmere, pyjamas, khaki (=brown), mufti, saree (sari)
d. Philology (19th century):
sandhi, bahuvrihi (compounds), dvandva (compounds)
e.
People and society
Aryan (Sanskrit), pariah, mem-sahib, sahib, coolie
f.
Animals and plants
mongoose, zebu, bhang, paddy, teak
g. Buildings and domestic
bungalow, pagoda, cot
h. Assorted
catamaran, cash (=small coin), chit, lilac, tattoo, loot, polo, swastika (Sanskrit), cushy, juggernaut, tom-tom
A smaller number of loanwords have come from farther east, from languages such as Japanese and
Chinese. The stereotype of the warlike, militaristic Japanese addicted to martial arts may have both
encouraged and been encouraged by loanwords like samurai, karate, hara-kari and kamikaze. Fortunately,
the image of Japan as reflected through borrowings is not all negative. The militaristic words are balanced
by the artistic origami, the elegant kimono, the poetic haiku, and in popular entertainment the kabuki and
karaoke
.

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