Elements of grammar

magazines. Those with a more (3) ... audience, such

as publications of (4) ...organizations, can be termed

journals.

(5)..., the difference between periodicals and news

papers has been a matter of format, publication sched ule, and content. Most newspapers deal with the news of

the day and are (6)...daily on pulp paper with relative

ly large, unbound pages. Periodicals focus on more (7)...

material, and when they deal with the news they tend do

so in the form of (8)...or commentaries. For centurie

periodicals generally (9)...on finer paper than newspa

pers, with smaller (10)...pages, and at intervals long­
er than a day (weekly, every two weeks, monthly, quar­
terly, or even annually).

In the 1990s, with the (11) ...of the Internet,

publishers began to release newspapers and periodicals on­
line. This development (12) ...the line between the

two forms because the general format of online newspa­
pers and periodicals is (13)..., and the publication sched­
ule of both forms became more (14).... For example.

many newspaper publishers update their online versions throughout the day, and some online periodicals do the same Despite these technological changes, the two forms

differing emphasis in choice of content remains a (15)...

factor.

1. 
   A regularity...C regularly
   B regular D regulate
   
2. 
   A inclusion...C including
   B inclusive D include
   
3. 
   A narrow...C narrowing
   B narrowed D narrowness
   

4. , A scholarly...C scholarship

B scholar...D scholastic

5. 
   A History...C Historic
   B Historically...D Historical
   
6. 
   A issue...C issued
   B issuance...D issuing
   
7. 
   A specialize...C specialized
   B specialization...D specializing
   
8. 
   A summarize...C summaries
   B summarizing...D summarized
   
9. 
   A appear...C appearing
   B appearance...D appeared
   
10. 
    A bind...C binding
    B bound...D binder
    

5. 
   A growth...C grow
   

B growing...D grown

12....A blur...C blurry

B blurring...D blurred

13....A similarity...C similar

B similarly...D similize

14....A flex...C flexibility

B flexible...D flexibly

15....A distinguish...C distinguished
B distinguishing...D distinguisher

Test 74

Throughout history, people have been (1)...by life

underwater, and the Professional Association of Dive In­
structors (2)...that there are now 6 million active divers

worldwide. They (3)...in many different types of div­
ing, of which wreck, cave, (4) ..., and military diving

are just a few. The most common form of diving is sport

diving, or (5)...diving, which is practiced at depths of

less than 130 ft. From these depths, divers can make a

(6) ...ascent to the surface. Diving beyond this limit

requires (7) ...training.

Because popular dive sites such as coral reefs and wrecks

are (8)...not near land, most diving is done from boats.

In some locations, however, divers can enter the watei
from shore. On a typical outing, the divers decide before­
hand how long they will remain underwater and how (9)...

they will descend. While the divers are underwater, at least one person serves as a spotter by remaining on the boat or on shore. All groups, whether diving from a boat

or from shore, are (10) ... to fly a diver down flag (a

red flag with a white diagonal slash) to alert boaters that people are underwater.

In general, divers seek locations where the water is

clear, the temperatures warm, and the marine life (11)....

Divers often choose to visit areas with coral reefs because

they are colourful and (12) ...with life, and provide

shelter for many types of fish. The Caribbean is the most

popular (13) ...in the world. Parts of the region are

designated as marine parks or sanctuaries. Because they are protected from fishing and other human activity, these locations boast abundant aquatic plant and animal life.

Similar protected areas (14) ...throughout the world,

and the South Pacific, the Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea are common dive destinations.

1. 
   A fascination...C fascinated
   B fascinating...D fascinate
   
2. 
   A estimating...C estimates
   B estimation...D estimated
   
3. 
   A engage...C engaging
   B engagement...D engaged
   
4. 
   A commerce...C commercialise
   B commercial...D commercially
   
5. 
   A recreation...C recreated
   

B recreate...D recreational

6. 
   A straightforward...C straightened
   B straighten...D straight
   
7. 
   A advance...C advancement
   B advanced...D advancing
   
8. 
   A typically...C typical
   

B type...D typifying

9....A deep...C depth

B deeply...D deepen

10....A require...C requirement

B required...D requiring

11....A plenty...C plentiful

B plenteously...D plentifully

12....A densely...C densing

B density...D dense

13. 
    A destine...C destination
    B destined...D destiny
    
14. 
    A exist...C existing
    B existence...D existed
    

T est 75 |

The Canary Islands or Canaries is the group of is­
lands, the (1)...region of Spain, in the Atlantic Ocean,

off the north-western coast of Africa, (2)...the provinces

of Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife. Their capitals

are, (3) ..., Las Palmas on Grand Canary and Santa

Cruz de Tenerife on Tenerife Island; the cities also serve as

dual and (4)...capitals of the region. The chief islands

of the group, in (5) ...order of size, are Tenerife,

Fuerteventura, the (6)...to the African mainland, Grand

Canary, Lanzarote, La Palma, Gomera, and Hierro. In

addition, several barren islets are (7) ...in the group

The Canary Islands are of volcanic (8)...and are noted

for their scenery and mild, dry climate, which makes

them an ideal site for astronomical (9) .... Precipitation

(10)...mainly during the winter season. In areas below.

about 400 m elevation, the (11)...is typically northern

African; characteristic (12)...are the date palm, dragon

tree, and cactus. Growing at higher levels are laurels.
holly, myrtle, eucalyptus, pine, and a variety of flower­
ing plants. Farming and fishing are the principal indus­
tries. The volcanic soil of the Canaries is extremely (13)....

The islands have no rivers, however, and severe drought.'

are common; (14)...irrigation is therefore a (15)...

in most cultivable areas. Among important crops are ba­nanas, citrus fruits, sugar cane, peaches, figs, wine

grapes, grain, tomatoes, and potatoes. (16)...products

include textiles and fine (17).... (18)...is also impor­
tant, and the islands are a (19)...winter-resort area.

1. 
   A autonomy...C autonomic
   B autonomist...D autonomous
   
2. 
   A comprise...C comprisal
   B comprised...D comprising
   
3. 
   A respect...C respectively
   B respective...D respecting
   
4. 
   A alter...C altering
   B alternative...D alteration
   
5. 
   A descending...C descendant
   B descend...D descender
   
6. 
   A near...C nearest
   B next...D nearer
   
7. 
   A included...C inclusion
   B inclusive...D including
   
8. 
   A originate...C origin
   

B original...D originally

9....A observer...C observed

B observation...D observational

10....A occurrence...C occurred
B occurs...D occurring

11....A vegetable...C vegetables

B vegetation...D vegetate

12....A vary...C various

B varied...D varieties

13....A fertilizer...C fertile

B fertilize...D fertilized

14. 
    A artificial...C artificially
    B artificiality...D artificials
    
15. 
    A necessity...C necessaries
    B necessary...D necessarily
    
16. 
    A Manufacture...C Manufactured
    B Manufacturing...D Manufacturable
    
17. 
    A embroider...C embroiderer
    B embroidered...D embroideries
    
18. 
    A Tourist...C Tour
    B Tourism...D Tourer
    
19. 
    A fashionable...C fashionably
    B fashion...D fashioner