Elements of grammar

Part Four WORD-BUILDBNG (2)

D irections: Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the adjec­tives derived from the nouns in brackets accord-ing to the model.

Model: Latin is the language of (ancientry) ancient Rome and the (neighbour) neighbouring territory of Latium.

| Test 76 j

Latin is the language of (ancientry) ... Rome and

the (neighbour)...territory of Latium. With the spread

of Roman power Latin was carried to every part of the known ancient world and became the (dominancy) ___ tongue of western Europe. It was the language of scholar­ship and diplomacy until the 18th century and of the Roman Catholic liturgy until the late 20th century.

The colloquial speech of (culture) __ Romans ap­
peared in the works of (variety) ...writers, notably in

the comedies of Plautus and Terence, the letters of Cice­
ro, the Satires and Epistles of Horace, and the Satyricon of
Petronius Arbiter. It is characterized by freedom of syn­
tax, by the presence of (numeration) ... interjections,

and by the (frequency)...use of Greek words. This (col­

loquialism) ...speech of polite society is not to be con­
fused with the language of the (poverty)...and unedu­
cated classes, which shows a greater disregard for syn­
tax, a love of new words, and a striving for simplicity,
especially in word order.

Latin was the language of letters in (west)...Europe

in the Middle Ages. Even for the people in (generaliza-

tion) ..., Latin continued to be a living language, be­
cause the church provided a (hugeness)...mass of ec­
clesiastical literature in both prose and poetry.

The language, however, underwent many (essence)
... changes.

The syntax was further simplified, new words were adopted from various sources, and new meanings came into existence; nevertheless, Latin changed far less durint this period than did either French or English.

In the 15th and 16th centuries New Latin, also callec Modern Latin, came into being. The writers of the Ren

aissance produced a new and (brilliancy)...Latin liter

ature that was closely (imitation) ...of Latin classica

writers and especially of Cicero. Almost all books of im

portance, (science) ..., (philosophy) ..., and (reli

gion) ..., were written in Latin at this time, including

the works of the (Holland)...scholar Desiderius Eras

mus, the English philosopher Francis Bacon,-and the
English physicist Isaac Newton, and Latin was the medi­
um of diplomatic intercourse among (Europe) ...na­
tions.

Not until the end of the 17th century did Latin cease

to be an (internationalism)...tongue. During the 18th

and 19th centuries, however, it remained the language of

classical school, and even in the 20th century (scholar­
ship) ... treatises are sometimes composed in Latin. The

Roman Catholic church still uses Latin as the language of
its (officiahty) ...documents.

Test 77

The Newfoundland male is about 71 cm (height)...

at the shoulder and weighs from 64 to 68 kg; the female stands 66 cm high and its weight is from 50 to 54 kg. The

Newfoundland has a (breadth)..., massive head; small,

deeply set, dark-brown eyes; small ears lying (closeness)

...to the head; a deep chest; a (density) ... water-

resistant double coat, usually dull black in colour; and a

broad (strength) ...tail.

The feet are large, strong, and webbed, for traversing marshlands and shores. Powerful swimmers, Newfound_ lands are known to have rescued human beings from drown­ing and to have carried lifelines from shore to ships in distress. Today they are used primarily as watchdogs and companions, but they were once used to draw carts and

carry burdens. Because of their being (loyalty) ...(in

telligence)..., and (tractability)..., Newfoundland dogs

are ideal pets.