Education of the republic of uzbekistan state university of world languages

CHAPTER II THE ISSUES OF TERMINOLOGY TRANSLATION
2.1. Formation of the terminological system of home appliances
The question of the formation and development of a terminological system in a field is one of the important events in linguistics. In addition to studying the fixed terms currently in use, it is modern
Another important task facing linguistics is to identify the factors that give rise to these emerging terms and to define their role as a special lexical-semantic unit.The terminology group of home appliances has not yet found its multi-faceted expression in the specialized literature. However, the main reason for the study of terms in this group is that many of them refer to objects or parts of them used by man in everyday life. At all stages of history, there have been attempts by man to further improve everyday life, to increase its comfort. This, of course, had a positive effect on the conscious evolution of the individual. S.V. Grinev-Grinevich writes, “on the basis of the analysis of the change of terminological apparatus it is possible to form a clearer idea of ​​the features of theoretical thinking. It will also be possible to study the development trends of cultures.²⁴ ”
The concept of "home appliances" appeared in the twentieth century however, the study of terms related to it began in the sixteenth century. It is the creation of mechanisms that help and facilitate a person in performing the tasks of domestic life. Electric current from the nineteenth century onwards, the production of home appliances was established independently. By the twentieth century, this industry has become a separate industry, and the relevant state standards (GOST) are developed.
By analyzing the formation of the terminology group of home appliances in English and Uzbek, it can be concluded that the emergence of any term and its transformation into a specific system is mainly based on two factors: extra linguistic and linguistic. L.V. According to Ivina, the set of concepts and terms can become a system at the intersection of the relevant field of knowledge and the activities of the individual.²⁵ In other words, the termini system, as a dynamic structure in development, constitutes a set of linguistically defined concepts at its stage of development.
It is important to emphasize the connections and correlations between language and the linguistic landscape of the world. Because they determine exactly the internal and external formation of the lexical structure. Accumulated in the human mind as a result of cultural experience and new concepts and words there is a certain source on which it originates.
According to a diachronic analysis of the English term “home appliances”, this lexeme is derived from the word kettle (choynak) and first appeared in the 16th century. This lexeme meant “a device for boiling and heating a liquid”. Today, the word has lost its term feature; with the term appliance, later appearing is related.
"In 1549, the oldest hyperonym in this terminological group, the machine lexeme, emerged and became the basis for the formation of a number of relevant terms: answering machine, coffee machine, dishwashing machine, knitting-machine, sewing-machine, etc."
According to historical dictionaries, in the 17th century, five new terms were added to this group: apparatus (asbob, vosita, apparat, mashina) - 1628, device (asbob, qurilma, apparat, mashina) - 1665, system (sistema)- 1683- y, coffee Mills - 1691 years. The formation of these lexemes is human proves that there is a need to name and classify household appliances created by.
In 1673, the origin of the term iron is recorded. The origin of this word proves once again that people are trying to improve their lives. In the 18th century, the origin of the following three lexemes is observed: equipment

(apparatus-apparat), - 1714 y, ventilator (fan-ventilayator) - 1743 y, washing machine (kir yuvish mashinasi) - 1780 y.

In this way, by the 19th century, the thematic group "tools and devices used in everyday life" was formed. Development of the thematic group "Refrigeration Techniques" refrigerator, then its abbreviated form fridge - 1935, ice-cream freezer –muzqaymoq uchun muzlatgich 1855, freezer (muzlatgich) - 1874, icebox (sovutish kamerasi) - 1885-y.
By the end of this century, "kitchen appliances" Thematic groups appear in the system, such as “clothing processing devices,” and new terms emerge, such as:²⁶

1	Coffee-grinder	Qahva yanchadigan mashina;
2	Percolator	Kofe qaynatgich
3	Squeezer	sharbat siquvchi moslama
4	sewing-machine	tikuv mashinasi
5	Stove	Plita
6	dishwashing machine	idish yuvadigan mashina
7	Dishwasher	idish yuvadigan mashina
8	mixer	Qorishtiruvchi mashina
9	Roaster	Roster
10	Cooker	Plita
11	Gas –cooker	Gaz plitasi
12	Knitter	To’quv mashinasi
13	Range	Plita
14	Coffe machine	Qahva mashinasi

Unlike the origin of terms in other fields, the formation of terms formed in the home appliance system is related to certain historical facts. For example, in 1830 the telephone was invented by Alexander Bell. At the end of the 19th century, a group of "audio equipment" appeared in the system, and terms appeared to describe a number of new devices:

The history of the development of the terminological system under study can be characterized by a significant expansion of many new groups and existing ones in the 20th century. This situation is, of course, closely related to electricity, electronics and computer technology in this period. As a result of growing environmental problems and the discovery of new convenience devices, the following lexemes appear in this system:

At the same time, the number of lexemes in the terminological group "audio equipment" is growing sharply:

In particular, the following terms, which are most commonly used in everyday life, have a strong place in the system:

Vacuum cleaner -changyutgich

It should be noted that the development of electricity and electronics contributes to the creation of new devices in human life and becomes an integral part of life. Naturally, as a result of the emergence of new tools, the number of terms in this or that group in the system will also increase. As a result of the simplification of daily household cleaning, the system creates a thematic group of "cleaning tools and equipment":

Vacuum brush –cho’tka changyutgich



Shampooer –shampunli tozalashga mo’ljallangan

In particular, the thematic group “kitchen appliances” is also very new enriched with terms:

The above terms originated mainly in the first half of the twentieth century, and today these terms combine several terms to form a separate relevant group. System-specific terms refer to a household item individually, but they also incorporate a number of related sub-terms around them as a group product. Let us say "cleaning equipment" .The term "vacuum cleaner" can be interpreted as follows:

It is no secret that television equipment has also become an integral part of everyday life. Beginning in 1928, a group of "television equipment" emerged, and terms such as camera and television appeared in English.

In addition, the group of "communication devices" also developed rapidly in the twentieth century, and a number of terms related to the field were formed:

Radiophone	radiotelefon
Beeper	peydjer
Answering machine	avto-javob bergich
Cordless phone set	radio telefon
Pager	peydjer
Cellphone	uyali telefon

These examples show that humanity has not only facilitated daily life by creating various devices and tools, but has also been constantly improving them.

Although the first terms in the Uzbek language denoting household appliances were formed in the nineteenth century, they began to increase rapidly only in the last century. Because in the 19th century, as a result of the khanate's relations with European countries, some household appliances terms entered our language. However, they were only in the process of conceptual formation during this period.
Many household appliances terms came into Uzbek mainly from Russian. This is because such equipment was brought to our territory during the Soviet era. Therefore, when translating terms related to this system from English to Uzbek, the Russian language factor should not be overlooked.
For example, the word “key”, which is firmly used in technical terminology, is a well-known concept of strengthening or opening an object by turning it from one direction to another. In our opinion, it would not be expedient to translate this word with the Uzbek alternative word "key". Because the word "key" has a strong, place in the vernacular and is formed as a concrete term. For this reason, we think that it should be translated into Uzbek, while maintaining its status in Russian.
Terms related to household appliances in the Uzbek language caused by various factors in the formation. Also, in translating them, in most cases, the Russian language served as a source. Therefore, when translating some terms, there are disputes among scholars about whether to preserve their Russian form or express them with a new term in Uzbek.
However, in many cases it is preferable to keep the Russian form of the term in order to avoid various misunderstandings or duality (e.g."Key", "xladagent").
A number of morphological and semantic principles, in particular, played an important role in the formation of household appliances terms in the Uzbek language. For example, words with the suffixes "-ion" and "-tion" (ventilation, amortization) in English, which are originally from Latin, are translated into Russian as the suffix "-tsia" (ventilation, depreciation), and in Uzbek the same form is preserved. Or if the suffixes "-or, -er" (refrigerator) representing an executor are translated into Russian with the alternative "-nik (refrigerator), in Uzbek they are translated using the suffixes" -gich, -kich, - qich "(refrigerator, refrigerator, vacuum cleaner).

Suffix in English suffix - -er, -or	Rus tilidagi semantik shakli	O'zbek tilidagi semantik shakli
Vacuum cleaner	Пылесос	Changyutgich
Refrigirator	Холодильник	Sovutgich
Freezer	Морозильник	Muzlatgich
Ionizer	Ионизатор	Ionizator
Air-conditioner	Кондицинер воздуха	Havo konditsioneri
Mixer	Миксер	Mikser (aralashtirgich)
Blender	Блендер	Blender
Toaster	Tocтер	Tocтер
Cooler	Кулер	Kuler

Today, due to the expansion of the range of home appliances, there are various translation problems in the terminology of this system in the Uzbek language. Because it is not an easy task to translate the Uzbek alternatives of these terms in a way that is understandable to the reader.

Terms can be morphologically grouped as follows:

One-component terms consist mainly of a single lexeme and represents a single definite meaning (mixer, refrigerator, filter, bag). One-component terms are often created by the affixation method, in which different word-forming suffixes are attached to the core to form different terms:, oven, toaster, and so on.
In many cases, such terms are translated into other languages ​​using transliteration according to their origin. For example, if we translate the term "mixer" into Uzbek as "mikser", it loses its shortness, clarity and precision. Terms are composed of Multi-component terms consist of multiple words or phrases. Although such several words, they actually signify a clear and definite concept. For example, some of these terms can also be made up of compound words:


The use of abbreviations is a relatively new linguistics phenomenon. The art of reducing a sequence of words to their initial letters became well developed in the late 50s and 60s. This phenomenon portrays the characteristics of the modern era, in which technical and scientific discoveries are developing fast along with all manner of organizations and institutions. Although the word initialism first occurred in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1899, the first acronym was only included in 1943.
Abbreviations often occur as names of professions, art groups and especially as organizations and associations—UNO, USAID, IMF, AU, etc. They also appear as names of appliances, such as TV, Fridge, VCD, DVD, etc., vehicles and on vehicle license plates. Here in Nigeria, national organizations are often called by their abbreviations. We have a series of recently created abbreviations especially with the advent of telecommunication companies in the field of mobile telephony such as MTN, Vmobile, Glo, MTS. All these have become household names without anyone caring to know what they stand for; they are simply brand names of telephone companies. Abbreviations are also found in literary works; e.g., viz, AD, i.e., DV, pm, am, PTO, PS, etc. Another area where abbreviations abound is in academic certificates and names of educational institutions such as B.A, B.S., M.Phil., Ph.D,. Etc. ²⁷ These are also terms in the form of abbreviations common in the system. Abbreviations are often used, especially in the terminological groups "television equipment" or "kitchen appliances". Although their common form is not usually expressed, the meaning of the terms becomes clear to the reader. In some cases, the original literal form of the term is also preserved:

LCD -Liquid Crystal Display	LCD-suyuq kristalli displey;
HD -High Definition;	HD -Yuqori ta'rif
TFT -Thin film transistor.	TFT - Yupqa plyonkali tranzistor.
DTE -direct to edit	DTE - tahrirlash uchun to'g'ridan-to'g'ri
HDMI -High-Definition Multimedia Interface	HDMI - Yuqori aniqlikdagi multimedia interfeysi
LAN Local Area Network	LAN mahalliy tarmoq
LCD Liquid Crystal Display	LCD suyuq kristalli display
CEO Chief Executive Officer	Bosh ijrochi director
PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier	PLCC plastmassa qo'rg'oshinli chip tashuvchisi
SKU Stock Keeping Unit	SKU zaxiralarini saqlash bo'limi
RAM Random Access Memory	Operativ xotiraning tezkor xotirasi
ACBs Air Circuit Breakers	ACB havo o'tkazgichlari
QOH Quantity-on-Hand	QOH Miqdor
QC Quality Control	QC sifat nazorati
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer	OEM original uskunalari ishlab chiqaruvchisi
CTO Chief Technology Officer	CTO texnologiyalari bo'yicha bosh direktor
MS Machine Screw	MS dastgohi
ISA Industrial Security Appliances	ISA sanoat xavfsizligi asboblari

Abbreviations can sometimes come in the form of a full word:

Adequacy in translating similar abbreviations will have to follow the rules. Because their incorrect translation can lead to serious shortcomings in the translation. When translating terms related to this terminological system, the translator is required to understand their denotative meaning, to translate them adequately into the target language.

Analyzing the terminological system of "home appliances", we see that it is one of the new areas for Uzbek terminology. Although the system has been significantly streamlined in English, there are significant problems with translating system terms into Uzbek. However, given the current development of this system, we do not deny its promising improvement, but rather serve to strengthen the terminological scope of the system, which we believe is one of the most important and significant tasks facing translators today.
2.2. Equivalence and Non-equivalence and Translation of Neologisms
The development of various branches of science is constantly bringing new terms into use. Since 21st century is considered to be the century of technology, so it is no exception that new technical terms are being created. As it is known, technical translation is not an easy task to do. Translators should be acquainted with technical terms, must have some technical knowledge in particular field that the text is being translated and have to know some ways how to avoid problems during the translation process. Since the number of technical fields is infinitely large, terminology is expanding and changing every day. Due to this, many issues of terminology translation in technical texts arise. Equivalence is one of the biggest issues that translators face with. Translators always seek some kind of equivalence in translation. Baker (2005: 77) claims that “ equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition for translation, an obstacle to progress in translation studies, or a useful category for describing translations.” To put it in other words, equivalence brings a lot of challenges while translating but is a necessary feature in translation studies. In general, equivalence is considered to be a representation between a ST and a TT that allows the TT to be considered as a translation of the ST (Ibid.). There are various types of equivalence proposed by linguists. For instance, Hatim & Munday (2004: 40) distinguish and describe two types of equivalence which were mainly offered by Nida (1964): 1. Formal equivalence; 2. Dynamic equivalence. The authors also add that formal equivalence “ is a relationship which involves the purely ‘formal’ replacement of one word or phrase in the SL [source language] by another in the TL [target language].” It means that this type of equivalence pays attention on the message itself, in form and content (Nida, 1964: 159). Hatim & Munday (2004: 40-41) also refer to Nida (1964) saying that this type of equivalence is not the same as literal translation since two terms must be distinguished. Dynamic equivalence is based on the principal of equivalence effect. This type of equivalence does not insist that the TL reader understands the cultural patterns of the SL context. Nonetheless, it must be noted that formal equivalence is more related to technical translation rather than dynamic equivalence. 9 However, when there is no equivalent of the term in TL, the problem of nonequivalence arises. Baker (2011: 18-22) lists the main problems of non-equivalence: 1. Culture-specific concepts. It appears when the SL term has no equivalent concept in TL; 2. The source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language. The SL term may be a known in the target culture but is not lexicalised. 3. The source-language word is semantically complex. The spelling of the SL word may be quite simple but a translator can face difficulties when translating its meaning; 4. The source and target languages make different distinctions in meaning. Different languages can have different points of view on distinctions. 5. The target language lacks a superordinate. The TL may lack general words for specific ones. 6. The target language lacks a specific term (hyponym). The TL may lack specific words for general ones. 7. Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective. The TL words may have the same direct meaning as the SL words, but different expressive meaning or value; 8. Differences in expressive meaning, form and in frequency and purpose of using specific forms. There is no equivalent in the TL for a particular expressive word in the SL; 9. The use of loan words in the source text. If there is no particular words which exists in the TL, a translator may transfer that particular term. Nevertheless, not all of the above mentioned problems of non-equivalence can be attributed to technical translation. For instance, culture-specific concepts, differences in physical or interpersonal perspective, differences in expressive meaning, form and in frequency and purpose of using specific forms cannot be found while translating technical texts because they cannot have expressive meaning or culture specific items. Even though there are many theoretical materials about equivalence, it still remains of the biggest issues during the translation process. The problem of non-equivalence occurs when the most difficult terms to translate appear only in the particular language and have no equivalent in TL.
Another issue of non-literary translation is neologisms. As has been mentioned, this era is technological one, so new objects and processes are created. To name each new product, new words appear. Newmark (1988: 140) defines neologisms as: “newly coined lexical units or existing lexical units that acquire a new sense.” He distinguishes such types of neologisms: 1. Old words with new senses. It is a creation of new meaning of existing words; 2. New coinages. New coinages can be created by some writers or by creators of particular products; 3. Derived words. Neologisms of derived words may be coined by the addition of affixes (i.e. suffixes, prefixes, and endings); 4. Abbreviations. Abbreviation is a common type of pseudo-neologisms; 5. Collocations. Collocations are the combinations of nouns or adjective plus noun. The neologisms in collocations are mainly used in the social sciences and in computer language (Newmark, 1988: 145); 6. Eponyms. Derivations from proper names; 7. Phrasal words. Conversion of verbs to nouns. 8. Transferred words. Such words have only one sense of their originality. “Newly transferred words keep only one sense of their foreign nationality; they are the words whose meanings are least dependent on their context” (Newmark, 1988: 147); 9. Acronyms. They are made of initial letters of words that form a group of words which stands for an object, institution or procedure; 10. Pseudo-neologisms. According to Newmark (1988: 148), pseudo-neologism is “a generic word stands in for a specific word.” Neologisms can be a tough to deal with because there can be no equivalent of the particular neologism in the target language. In such case, translators must learn as much information about the translating technical equipment and other terms as possible and try to understand the meaning of each technical term. Eventually, if there is no equivalent of neologism, translators have to follow and use a descriptive method to describe neologism. Apart from the equivalence, non-equivalence and neologisms, there are other problems such as polysemous terms which lead to ambiguity. Polysemous terms are the ones which have several meanings. In order to avoid any ambiguity caused by polysemous terms, it is necessary to standardize them. Standardization helps to distinguish terms by their meaning in particular branches of sciences. Another problem while translating technical texts is the distinction between technical and descriptive terms. Nonetheless, even if translators have several opportunities how to translate particular terms, they should stick to one point and avoid translating a descriptive by a technical term and vice versa. Newmark also gives a definition of technical and descriptive terms saying that “a technical term (standardised language) is always more precise (narrower in semantic range) than a descriptive term (non-standardised language)” (Newmark, 1988: 154). It means that a technical term is more likely to be used while translating technical texts because it is standardised and has a consistent meaning. Descriptive term, however, should be used when there is no equivalent technical term in the TL. To sum up, in order to avoid ambiguity, translators should keep away from polysemous terms and try to use consistent terminology. Standardised terms can be very helpful while dealing with technical texts but if there is a case where the SL term has no equivalent in the TL, translators must use a descriptive term.
Conclusion on the second chapter
The second chapter of our work deals with home appliances problems and methods of translation of terms from English to Uzbek. The terminological layer of this system has been expanding in recent years as a result of the discovery of innovative technologies and home appliances. Naturally, the need to translate the terms of these tools into Uzbek is growing in parallel.
In the instructions for use of home appliances and their marketing materials, we regularly encounter their variants in the Uzbek language. However, the fact that there are no Uzbek alternatives to the terms of this system, or the use of indirect translation through Russian, indicates that the terminological layer in the field is not yet sufficiently developed in our language. The essence of our work is to identify similar problems and shortcomings and explore their solutions.
In the second chapter, we have tried to shed light on the lexical problems of terms in the system.
Because the term has a monosemantic character as a specific lexical unit, its lexical aspects
The lighting is the primary task. Consequently, a term has a clear, definite meaning and can be applied to different areas.
Since most of the problems in the translation of texts in this system are related to the terminological layer, a detailed study of the lexico-semantic aspects of terms is required.
Due to the translation problems of the terms, we also tried to shed some light on their translation methods. Because in order to achieve an adequate translation, it is also necessary to know the translation methods well.
In the translation of home appliances terms, we have distinguished such types as literal translation, assimilation layer, antonymic translation.
In identifying the lexical problems of the terms in the system, we have given examples from the database of instructions for use and online internet instructions related to the product translated into Uzbek. In the same way
We also tried to partially cover the marketing materials of home appliances produced in our country.
In conclusion, in the second chapter of our work, the practical problems and solutions of the theoretical ideas mentioned in the first chapter are illustrated by concrete examples.