Education of the republic of uzbekistan state university of world languages

1.2. The term as the basis of scientific and technical linguistic characteristics of terminological units
In parallel to it because of the rapid growth of technical progress terminology was also formed. Hence, the industry term and understanding the existing essence of the term, its expressive meaning to understand, you need to know the linguistic basis of the terms. Uzbek concepts such as ‘term’ in relation to specific words in the language applied.
Accordingly, in our case, the pre-consumed international we found it necessary to use the lexemes ‘term’ and ‘terminology’.

1. 
   New concepts related to new social relationships terms of own and mastered strata representing Uzbek language dictionary has a strong position in the fund (stock exchange, broker, dealer, management, audit, farming, competition, capital, ownership).
   
2. 
   Some new ones that have an equivalent in the Uzbek lexicon the terms, after some time, again gave way to the old ones (republic-jumxuriyat,respublika airport-tayyoragox airaport, dorilfunun-university such as oliygox-institute, minbargox,kafedra-department).
   
3. 
   Some new terms completely replace alternative units occupied (province-viloyat -область, district-tuman,район, minister-vazir,министр, engineer-muxandis-инженер such as).
   
4. 
   Part terms are absolute synonyms with alternative units widely used as (linguistics-lingvistika,tilshunoslik lexicography leksikografiya,lug’atshunoslik, poetry-poeziya,she’riyat, form-forma,shakl, term-termin-atama).
   

Cases such as synonymy and polysemy in terms are in language positive is not counted. Because the terms, especially when it comes to science and technology, always represents the same concept described.
The fact that a single concept with a strict definition is expressed in two or more words, both in terms of science and in terms of the educational process, it has no practical significance. On the contrary, to the confusion can cause. The terms currently used as a doublet are time in the second or third part of the above classification as is, the new term completely replaces the old or the old term to the new should release.
Because synergetic (Greek. synergic - moving together) is the possibility of this appears. According to him, language as a system is the current laws from the state of chaos based on the ability to regenerate and transition to a stable structural state has Author of the book "Synergetic" (Moscow, 1980) G. Hackenning¹⁰.
There are two conditions for this:

1. 
   The system must be open, the external environment (for example, other languages) get in touch with it.
   

2. The number of components in the system exceeds the set minimum should be (e.g. message may, execution may, clarity may). Because of their interaction, a general orderly action occurs.¹¹
Although, in foreign linguistics the term is theoretically relative although more fully studied, its definition, term, and term were non-existent distinguishing marks of words, the structure of the term (its issues such as how many elements it consists of) is still to the end we cannot say that it has been studied and resolved. This case is entirely Uzbek also applies to linguistics and terminology.
The content assigned to the concept of "term" is as follows is based on the fact that these terms are used to differentiate from a common word we think enough:

1. 
   The term is a special function of the universal language Linguistic, which belongs to the language of production, science and technology unity is a word or compound.
   
2. 
   The term-concrete thing-object, thing, abstract is a specialized name for concepts.
   
3. 
   A certain definition is necessary for the term, with its help to more accurately express the content of the relevant concept, the ability to separate one concept from another giving, at the same time a certain classification of a known concept the clearer the distinguishing marks, allowing the placement can be shown.¹²
   

Hence, terminology interacts with a system of concepts of a particular science terms in relation are defined as totals. Any the system of concepts corresponds to a particular system of terms. Terminological systems evolve with the development of science. Terms in contrast to commonly used words .The application is controlled to a certain extent.
“The terms appear rather than "thinking, while realizing their necessity." will be found”, “will be created”. Also, unlike a simple word, the meaning of the term does not depend on the context, the particular lexeme in the terminological sense and as long as it is used in its own terminological field the meaning is preserved, but the meaning of many meanings is clear there is no doubt about the necessity of context to distinguish meaning.
The above is the main function of terminologists and about the property, that is, the nominative or definitiveness of the terms we have given his opinion on.
“The many lexemes of terminological compounds, that is, they how many components will be in the following years attracting the attention of terminologists”.¹³
Indeed, many have increased in size in recent years component compound terms to fully express the content of the concept while serving, it is much more to apply and remember them in practice uncomfortable. In fact, such terms are two, far three, four should be composed of, as a result, compound terms components, in order to fully reflect the relevant characters, and identifiers should be created by adding quality packages. This is typical of the initial stage of expression of a concept and then until a certain idea of ​​the concept emerges abbreviation of components (words) representing insignificant characters, hence the term can be made more concise. But it is a process not on the basis of risk, but on the basis of known rules should be done consciously.
It should be noted that the issue of terminology is almost dealt with all scholars have tried to give a definition of this concept. Not all of them, but some as examples the transition would have taken up many pages. So put them together the concept of "term" can be defined as follows:
The term has a professional meaning, a professional concept and defining certain objects that form and the relationships between them in the process of learning and mastering in terms of professions is the word or compound used.Indeed it is. Because the term of each industry, network as long as it is applied within the same field, within the network, more precisely, it forms the speech of the professional, for mutual speech communication creates conditions.
It should be noted at this point that a particular profession or people with specializations are often specific to this or that industry deals with specific terms.
For example, the future economist cartel, clearing, commodity in written or oral speech only in a narrow range, such as exchange, petty ownership, allocation of funds, rent it is natural to use the terms used. Spontaneously it is clear that such terms belong to a professional far removed from economics not used in speech. However, a number of sectors of the economy there are also terms that are in the speech of almost all speakers of a particular language can be used equally. Market, goods, trade, trade, money, buyer, marketer, buyer, seller, speculators, and others. It should be noted that not only economics but also science and technology, development the sum of the various fields and sets of terms of the output called terminology. For example, mathematical terminology, medicine terminology, economic terminology, etc. It is known that the study of terms in Uzbek linguistics, their measures such as regulation, compilation of terminological dictionaries XX started in the mid-20s. Some lexicography study of the Uzbek language on a scientific basis, excluding works, current the emergence of Uzbek linguistics as a science dates back to this period started.
Of course, the need to learn the terms came naturally not to teach in Uzbek in all areas of knowledge The significant development of the fields of knowledge to put is scientific expansion of the sphere of thinking of the national languages ​​of the former Soviet Union, including the enrichment of the Uzbek language vocabulary, and therefore the language the proliferation of terms makes them a comprehensive study and arrangement was the impetus to quote. Terms belonging to different disciplines were first introduced in Uzbek linguistics, that is, in the 20s and 30s, mostly for purely practical purposes had begun to be studied. True, the feature of the term in this period is this or that how to use the term Russian international and Arabic, Persian or a number of articles on the advantages of pan - Turkish reforms, some pamphlets were published. However, such cases were a sharp ideological and political struggle at that time because of the synchronicity with the spirit, the terminology; in general, a series in the linguistic solution of language issues had caused errors. However, the terms in this period more practical study, some language in the field of science, began to create multilingual terminological dictionaries. Terminology of various disciplines in Uzbek linguistics systems are linguistically comprehensive, both scientific and practical the study took on a more consistent tone after the war, largely after the 1950s started; devoted to theoretical issues of terminology and terminology the articles are a linguistic analysis of the terms of some disciplines PhD dissertations devoted to making, perfect began to create terminological dictionaries. Currently Uzbek terms of various disciplines in linguistics with intensity further development of these fields of science and there with the degree of application to production, therefore, is closely related to the development and enrichment of terms.
About forty candidate dissertations on practical issues such as regulation and stabilization of terms in Uzbek linguistics were defended, numerous monographs and hundreds of scientific-theoretical articles were published, and about 14 terminological dictionaries were published. Terminologists S. Ibragimov, U. Tursunov, O. Usmanov, N. Mamatov, S. Akobirov, R. Doniyorov, H. Jamolkhonov, N. Kasimov, D. Bazarova, A. Kasimov, A. Madvaliyev and others have contributed to the development of Uzbek terminology to some extent with their practical recommendations. In recent years and today, a deeper study of the practical and theoretical aspects of terminology, the regulation of the use of the term has become a matter of national importance. In 1984, in connection with the establishment of the Republican Interdepartmental Terminology Commission (IRC) under the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, the adoption of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the State Language, the Republican Terminology Committee under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The beginning of the work of the Republican Committee on Terminology on terminology, the holding of several scientific-practical, scientific-theoretical conferences on terminology in the Republic is a clear proof of our opinion. Language Terminology «bulletin, which includes a series of articles on current issues of Uzbek language terminology, as well as a list of terms used by each user. It should be noted that in recent years, ATAMAKOM has done a lot to stabilize the system of terminology of the Uzbek language and limit the variety of terms, in other words, to address the issues of terminology in the country. In particular, at his initiative, the principles of naming terms were developed and promulgated. Based on these principles, ATAMAKOM began to produce a series of terminological dictionaries for various fields of science and industry. In the 70s and 80s, the interest in studying the terminology of the Uzbek language became more active. There is a reason for this, of course. The fact is that at the same time, different opinions about the terms began to take on a more serious tone. Moreover, until the 70s and 80s, no serious attention was paid to terminological issues. However, it is impossible to solve the general problems of terminology without studying the terminological systems of the Uzbek language. Therefore, the terminological systems of the Uzbek language in various fields began to be the subject of research. Such works include the dissertations of N. Dadaboyev, A. Kasimov, H. Shamsiddinov, A. Madvaliyev, N. Ikromova and other scientists. Importantly, in recent years, doctoral dissertations on the study of Uzbek language systems have appeared. As mentioned above, although linguistic terms in various fields have been studied in detail, and certain recommendations have been made for their regulation, a single monograph on general issues of Uzbek terminology has not yet been published. The main reason for this is, firstly, that the formation, development and enrichment of the existing terminological system in the Uzbek language is not uniform, and secondly, that the terminology of some disciplines is not well studied or not studied at all. One of the almost unexplored terminological systems of the Uzbek language is economic terminology. It should be noted that there is a big difference between the economic terms that have traditionally survived in the language and the modern economic terms. While the number of old economic terms is very limited, due to the growing demand for economic terms in the current new era, i.e. the transition to a market economy, the economic terms are becoming richer and richer. There was a need to study and, on this basis, to regulate this terminological system as much as possible. The formation and practice of the terminological system in linguistics is one of the important issues. In modern linguistics, it is not only the study of fixed, existing terms and conditions, but also the study of the factors and conditions that lead to the formation of new terms, their characteristics as a lexical unit, their semantic significance. According to OA Kornilova, the scientific concept of the world is expressed in the "language of science", that is, in the language of each science.¹⁴ The core of a particular language of science is, of course, the lexical-semantic units in which the terms used, that is, scientific concepts and categories, are expressed.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the scientific picture of the world is reinforced in terms of science. ”Although there is an interaction between terminology and generalizations, it is precisely the specific terms that are important in the history of technical development. The terms serve as a means of fixing knowledge and experience in specific areas. Therefore, only the successful transfer of learned skills and experience can ensure sustainable development in the field. Before talking about the importance of the terminological scale in scientific and technical translation, it is necessary to pay special attention to the term "scientific and technical translation". An online translation dictionary defines this phrase as:
1. A version of a special translation on a scientific and technical subject;
2. It is a translation of specialized texts of a scientific and technical nature, which, unlike literary translation, is carried out using special methods and requires requirements such as accuracy, brevity and comprehensibility¹⁵.
The process of translation can be described as the transformation of a text from one language into another. "So, in the process of translation, of course, there will be two texts (AI Smirnisky)" ¹⁶. One of them is the source text, and the first text is created independently of the second text. The second text is formed on the basis of the first text through certain methodological and linguistic operations. If the first text is said to be the original text or the original copy, the second text is called the translated text or translation (in the first sense of the word "translation").¹⁷
The science that studies the translation process is translation studies. "Translation studies is a field of philology aimed at revealing the level of compatibility between the two languages, the essence of their peculiarities by generalizing and systematizing the translation process, its laws, originality and observations on the original and translated texts"¹⁸.
The division of translation theory into general, special and special theories is one of the generally accepted rules in the field of translation studies. While general theory of translation studies the universal laws of the translation process, the basics of inter linguistic, stylistic, and functional correspondence, regardless of genre requirements, private theory studies the specifics of translating from one specific language to another. The special theory studies the specific laws of the types of translation, which are divided according to the genre and stylistic features. Translation can be divided into two types according to its genre and stylistic features. One is a field of translation (scientific, technical, journalistic, etc.) and the other is a literary (poetic, prose) translation. Literary translation differs from other types of translation in that one of its main tasks is to convey artistic and aesthetic pleasure, which is one of the brightest manifestations of the communicative influence in literary works. In particular, language and text, as a reflection of human spiritual life, show the close connection between translation theory and the science of textual studies.
There are several definitions of the text. L. Loseva, one of the textual scholars, points out the following three features of the text¹⁹:
1) text is information in written form;
2) the text is semantically and structurally complete;
3) the text reflects the author's attitude to the information provided (author's approach)²⁰
From the above comments, it can be said that while the scientific and technical translation does not explicitly reflect the author's approach to the information provided, it must be complete and concise.
Scientific and technical translation, of course, deals with a variety of defined terms. This type of translation is required to be free from excessive pathos, to be neutral, and to convey the information provided in monosemic terms and terms. This is because technical translation is not about concepts, but about lexemes that are clear, definite, have only one meaning, and are expressed by a specific term. Although words and phrases are sometimes used in such texts, they also have a fixed form and serve to express a single concept or situation. As a result, word-for-word concepts are more common in English. This, of course, requires a lot of attention and accuracy in the process of translation into Uzbek.
Terminological vocabulary allows you to compose a text in a concise, clear and concise way and translate it here. Therefore, the term is the basis of the scientific and technical text. Many scientific and technical terms in English have been borrowed from foreign languages ​​(this phenomenon is typical for Uzbek) or have been named by scholars in Latin or Greek. This is because the rapid development of technical progress has necessitated the naming of concepts related to the field in specific terms. For example, in 1830, a new inert gas was discovered, called paraffin, which is derived from the Latin word parum affinis. In this way, some terms become popular and become part of the general vocabulary. These include dynamo, barograph, ozone, centigrade, cereal, gyroscope, sodium, potassium.
Alternatively, in the field of science and technology, English words with a special meaning began to be actively used. For example, such words as capacitor-jarqumg’on va kondensator, to load – yuklash va zaryadlash, etc.
It is also observed that the word has different special meanings depending on the field of science. For example, the word pocket can have the following special meanings:

Structurally, terms can be grouped as follows:
- Single-component terms (oxygen, velocity, resistance-kislorod,tezlik,rezistor)
- Multi-component terms or compound terms. Such terms are often formed in English using additional vowels. For example gas + meter = gasometer. Or there are cases when a sound is dropped: turbine + generator = turbogenerator. -
Lexically related phrases, such as taking off weight- uchish massasi, barium peroxide-bariy oksidi. Sometimes the element being identified is represented by a phrase. For example, a low-noise-engine –kam shovqinli dvigatel and so on.
- In many cases, technical terms and terms are also abbreviated: example. – e.m.f electromotive fore – elektroharakatlantiruvchi kuch; Or only part of the compound can be shortened: D.C. amplifier - Direct current amplifier – doimiy tok kuchaytirgichi;
- A long abbreviation of a phrase - loran (long range navigation – uzoq navigatsiya tizimi; radar (Radio detection and ranging - radiolokatsiya).
- Sometimes the letters denoting the form are also used as part of the term: T-Antenna (T-shaklidagi antenna). Or letters denoting a feature: X-rays –rentgen nurlari.
The following situations can be observed when translating scientific and technical texts: a) Terms of international character. They are transliterated and often do not need translation: antenna-antenna, smartphone-smartfon, grill-grill,microphone-mikrofon,video projector-videoproektor.
b) Some terms have their alternatives in Uzbek: hydrogen - vodorod; tail plane – samalyot dumi; c) There are phrases that translate English words literally: single-needle instrument –bir o’qli asbob, superpower system-yuqori quvvatli tizim. g) In many cases, the dictionary may not provide an alternative to the English term. In such cases, the interpreter may perform a descriptive translation that conveys the meaning in that context. For example: carbon-fibre reinforced plastic – oynali material bilan kuchaytirilgan plastik; inflammable materials-tez yonuvchan materiallar.
It is recommended not to use words from other languages ​​when translating terms, and it is recommended to use more Uzbek alternatives. For example, at the same time, some media outlets have translated the English word industry as industriya (note also in Russian).
However, in Uzbek there is a clear alternative to sanoat. Therefore, one of the main features of the term is the accuracy of the semantic scale, which has a much greater independence than a simple word in context.
Translating simple English terms (slot, antenna, socket) using a dictionary is not difficult for a translator. In some cases, a single English term is translated into Uzbek with several words, i.e. variations. For example, switch- kommutator,vikluchatel,elektr toki yo’nalishini o’zgartirmoq. The translator is required to have a good knowledge of this technical field in order to find the appropriate and contextual one among the variations.
The English language uses a lot of linguistic tools in the field of science and technology, especially word formation. This is not the case with the Uzbek language. Therefore, if in English terms are changed within a single word (prefixation, suffixation), in Uzbek, several words or phrases can be used for this purpose. The following are the principles and methods of making terms in English:
Prefixes are letters which we add to the beginning of a word to make a new word with a different meaning. Prefixes can, for example, create a new word opposite in meaning to the word the prefix is attached to. They can also make a word negative or express relations of time, place or manner. Tele- (meaning,at a distance) television, telepathic²¹.
Terms using prefixes, mainly in English -pre, inter, re, de, com, con, dis, is made through the suffix and of an action may indicate that it has been done or should be done in advance.
1) Pre- this prefix indicates the state of pre-execution of the action:
Predesign – Xomaki loyiha;
Preload – Oldindan bajariluvchi tortish;
2) The prefix de comes basically in the sense of negation.
a) Down-quyiga,pastiga,faolsizlik.
b) Inactivity-faolsizlik,uzilish.
c) Derate – ko’rsatgichlarning tushishi;
Deenergize – quvvatni o’chirish.
A number of other morphological factors related to prefixation are also important in the construction of technical terms in English.
Like prefixes, there are many suffixes used in the English language to create a rich vocabulary. These suffixes change the meaning or grammatical function of a base word or root word.²² A suffix, noun, or verb in a sentence in English using a suffix terms that perform the function can be created. For example, suffixes such as -er, -or, -ent, -ant can denote a person, mechanism and aggregate performing a certain action:
To rig / tajriba stendi;
Equipment/uskuna + er = rigger / yig’ish bo’yicha mexanik;
To combust/yoqish + or = combustor/yonilg’ini yoqish moslamasi.
Add -ion, -ation, -ment, -ure, -age, -ence, -ance, -ing through suffixes can be made terms that express certain concepts that turn from verbs to nouns. For example, to expose (ta’sirga olmoq)+ ure = exposure (ta’sir), to pass (o’tmoq) + age = passage /gazli kanal/gas channel (turbine engine)/turbin dvigatel.
Also -ism, -ty, -ity, -ness, -ency, -ancy, ort new terms are created from adjectives using suffixes.For example, frequent/odatiy+ency=frequency/chastota(vaqt birligida periodlar soni).
With the help of suffixation, however, terms in the adjective category can be formed by adding various suffixes to the stem. Suppose pole /qutb+ ar = polar / qutbga tegishli (orbit, coordinate).
Through the adjectives and nouns made within the framework of the above translation models, it is easier to understand the meaning of the root word. For example, understanding that the suffixes ‘less’ and ‘full’ have opposite meanings is not a problem for the translator and allows the translation to come out correctly.
Absorption layer. In addition to creating different terms by adding prefixes and suffixes to the word core, the terminological layer of a particular language can also be expanded by assimilating words directly from other languages ​​(mainly Latin and Greek).It should be noted that under the influence of technical progress since the 17th century, about 50 percent of the terms that now refer to certain technical concepts are derived mainly from Latin, Greek and French.
In ancient Rome, there was a two-seater called a odometer (yo’l o’lchagich), which is considered an analogue of modern taxis. As the Kajawahs moved, it was possible to calculate how far they had traveled using small stones. Such stones are called "calculus" in Latin. It is precisely because of these words that many modern terms have emerged:
differential calculus-differentsial hisoblash
integral calculus-integral hisoblash
to calculate-hisoblash
Or the term mathematics (mathematics) is also derived from the Greek word for “learning first”. Consequently, mathematics was considered a basic science to be studied in all ancient countries.
When two words are used together to yield a new meaning, a compound is formed. Compound words can be written in three ways: as open compounds (spelled as two words, e.g., ice cream), closed compounds (joined to form a single word, e.g., doorknob), or hyphenated compounds (two words joined by a hyphen, e.g., long-term). Sometimes, more than two words can form a compound (e.g., mother-in-law).²³The most common spelling quandary writers face is whether to write compounds as separate words, one word, or hyphenated words. The emergence of new terms using compound word formation is one of the most problematic phenomena in terminology. Of course, in this case the meaning represented by the components of both compound words needs to be clear to the translator. New terms like these are made up of compound nouns or compound adjectives and vary in morphology
can be in the form of (binding vowel / silent or dashed):
air + lock = airlock-ajratuvchi havo kamerasi
propeller + fan = propfan-ventilyator
firm + ware = firmware hisoblash qurilmasining blok dasturi
failure + surviving = failure-surviving-birlamchi ishdan chiqishda ish holatini saqlovchi
In most cases, the semantics of the components of compound words meaning does not differ from the primary component. However, in some exceptional cases, special care is required in determining the semantic meaning of the terms.