|
3.2. Home appliances terms from English to Uzbek
types and methods of translation
In the "Explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language" (edited by Z.M. Marufov,T., 1981) the word ‘translation’ is defined as ‘a text translated from one language to another’. In these definitions and examples, the word “translation” is “known the result of a process”38. If we consider this as the first meaning of the word ‘translation’, the second meaning can be understood as ‘the process of translation’. Of course, there are physiological and psychological aspects to this process, but we are not interested in these aspects, but only the linguistic, linguistic side. In other words, we understand the "process" of translation in a purely linguistic sense, in the sense of translating, transforming, modifying a text from one language to another.
We have described the translation process as the transformation of a text in one language into a text in another language.
This means that there will definitely be two texts in the translation process. One of these is the original, the first text, and is created independently of the second text. The second text is formed on the basis of the first text through certain methodological and linguistic operations.
If the first text is said to be the original text or the original copy, the second text is called the translated text or translation (in the first sense of the word ‘translation’). The language in which the original text is spoken or written is called the original text language (abbreviated AMT). The language in which the translated text is created is called the translation language (abbreviated TT).
It is well known that in the process of translation, a text in one language cannot be replaced by any text in another language. The translation process is not voluntary, but based on certain rules. If these rules are not followed, there is no point in talking about translation.
A certain invariant must be retained when replacing the text in the original text with the text in the translated language; the degree of preservation of this invariant determines the degree of alternative or adequacy of the translated text to the original text. What remains invariant during the translation process?The following should be considered when solving this problem. Each character has two sides: form and content (meaning). Because language is a unique system of characters, language units have two sides: both form and meaning. The following fact plays a decisive role in translation in this regard: different languages differ in form, but has linguistic units that are semantically the same.It is known that any language can exist in the form of oral or written speech. Depending on which form of speech AMT and TT are used, prof. LS Barkhudarov distinguishes the following main types of translation:39
Written translation, i.e. the written translation of a written text:
both languages - AMT and TT - are used in written form. Among the types of translation, this is usually the most commonly used type of translation. This type of translation can be divided into smaller groups depending on the nature of the text being translated. Well-known translator AV Fyodorov distinguishes the following groups in this type of translation:40
a) informational texts, various documents and special scientific texts translations;
b) translation of socio-political, journalistic literature and speeches of speakers;
c) translation of fiction.
2) Interpretive-oral translation, i.e. the oral translation of an oral text: both languages - AMT and TT - are used in oral form.
There are two types of translation in this type of translation: consecutive translation and simultaneous translation. Consecutive translation occurs after the original text (speech in AMT) - after the text is said in full or in part. Usually a few stops occurs after sentences, and pauses after each sentence are less common.
Simultaneous translation is performed while the original text is being spoken. More specifically, simultaneous translation is mostly done simultaneously with the original text, but in some parts of speech the simultaneous translation lags slightly (only a few words) behind the speech in the AMT, or goes ahead of the speech in the AMT. Such a breakthrough in simultaneous translation becomes possible because the interpreter has the ability to anticipate parts of speech that have not yet been spoken.
Both types of interpretation - consecutive (sequential) and simultaneous translation - are associated with specific psychological difficulties: serial translation requires a well-trained and fast-working memory from the interpreter, while simultaneous translation is heard simultaneously. -speaking skills come to the fore. Special and long-lasting exercises must be performed to be able to translate simultaneously.
However, since home appliance terms are in the form of written instructions in texts, a more written type of translation is used. Linguistic and translation rules should also be followed when translating terms in the system of home appliances from English to Uzbek.Unlike lexemes of other styles, the translation of terms requires high attention and precision.
Several translation methods are used to implement these types of translations. In order to achieve translation adequacy, the translator must be able to perform various interlinguistic changes - translational transformations.
Of course, such changes are made for a specific purpose, that is, in order to convey all the information in the original text as completely as possible in the translated text.
In this process, the norms of the language of the translated text must be fully complied with. Since terms are a specific lexical unit, the use of translation methods in translating them will be somewhat limited.
That is, the translator uses only lexical equivalents when translating them from English to Uzbek. A number of different translation methods are used when translating terms in the system.
Antonymous translation. Antonymic translation is a complex lexical-grammatical substitution widely used in the translation process. In this case, the affirmative grammatical construction is replaced by the negative grammatical construction, or vice versa, the negative construction is replaced by the affirmative construction.
However, a word in the original text is replaced by its antonym in the target language (usually the word "antonym" is used to refer to words in the same language; ).
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
