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Direct Equivalent (general use)
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Пайщик (Lingvo)
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Paishhik
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L.t.: shareholder
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Ruscorpora: N.c.: 64 doc. ; M.c.: 48 doc.
<…> сейчас российский пайщик может выбрать фонд, который инвестирует в акции риэлторских и девелоперских компаний Азиатского региона <…> (Koshkarov, 2008.
Ruscorpora).
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RECOMMENDED TRANSLATION: Pure DT
Заинтересованное лицо Zainteresovannoe lico
L.t.: an interested person/entity
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The term stakeholder, i.e. the one who holds a stake (in a company) has a similar form to the term bondholder, which was borrowed into Russian using Calque: владелец облигаций (vladelec obligatcij, L.t.: an owner of bonds) (IFC), держатель облигаций (derzhatel´ obligacij, L.t.: a holder of bonds) (Lingvo). However, the term stakeholder has a pure descriptive form in Russian: заинтересованное лицо (IFC) (zainteresovannoe lico, L.t.: a person concerned, or an interested person) or заинтересованная сторона (OECD-1) (zainteresovannаja storona, L.t.: an interested party). All the term components of the source term were made explicit in the target terms: “a person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization” (Business Dictionary).
The term component лицо (lico; L.t.: a face, i.e. a person, a representative) is common in the field of Management: лицо, предоставляющее право (UNCITRAL-1) (lico, predostavljaushhee pravo, L.t.: a person, granting a right, grantor), подтверждающее лицо (UNCITRAL-1) (podtverzhdaushhee lico, L.t.: confirmer), высшее должностное лицо (UNTERM) (visshee dolzhnostnoe lico, L.t.: a chief official person, Chief Executive Officer (CEO))
The existence of another descriptive form in Russian,тзеариенсованная сторона (zainteresovannаja storona, L.t.: an interested party), indicates that the term component “лицо” is not fixed in Russian. Both term components can form the definition of the English term: “a party that has an interest in an enterprise or project. The primary stakeholders in a typical corporation are its investors, employees, customers and suppliers” (Investopedia). The frequent use of both forms justifies that the terms function in Russian (see the examples in table 1). The range of implicit term components is wide: “modern theory goes beyond this conventional notion to embrace additional stakeholders such as the community, government and trade associations”
(Investopedia). Accordingly, in Russian the term component “holder” should be specified using DT or, alternatively, translated using Calque. One more example of the generalization of the term component “holder” is offered in the Lingvo Dictionary: участник совместного дела (Lingvo) (uchastnik sovmestnogo dela; L.t.: a participant of a joint business) (see table 1). The term component justifies the use of descriptive elements and makes its form clearer: “joint business”. The dictionary contains one more descriptive translation of the source term: депозитарий спорного имущества (Lingvo) (depozitarij spornogo imushhestva; L.t.: a depositary of a joint property). This Russian term is a paraphrase of the previous one; however, it is more concrete and modern. It uses the term component “депозитарий” (a depositary), which is created in Russian using a Direct Loan and the assimilation of the term ending. Neither descriptive term is used frequently, which is indicated by Ruscorpora (see table 1).
Inasmuch as the term is widespread in the sphere of Corporate Governance, the more concise form is preferable. The term form стейкхоулдер, created using transcription, is not transparent, but it contributes to the innovative nature of the terminology. Although the Russian term seems convenient, it is not universal, since another transcription versionтeеxйisкtхsо: лдсер (IFC) (see table 1). The first term differs from the second one only at the expense of one letter −“y”−
and its sound (u)k:ˌh(ˈsteɪ əʊldə) (Lingvo). Nevertheless, it hinders the path to the
standardization of the terminological system. A Direct Equivalent is also possible in Russian: пайщик (Lingvo) (paishhik) (see table 1). The term has a long history and its meaning is often considered as archaic.
Taking into consideration the wide range of possible equivalents of the source term in Russian, the term form created by transcription may seem the most appropriate one. However, its use in Ruscorpora is unstable and limited (see table 1). According to the frequency of use of each term, the most relevant term translation method is Pure DT, i.e. заинтересованное лицо (zainteresovannoe lico; L.t.: an interested person/entity), or заинтересованная сторона (zainteresovannаja storona; L.t.: an interested party). The first can be found in as many as 605 Ruscorpora documents, but its presence is outnumbered by that of the second one: 936 documents. Both of them are relevant and widely used, but the term заинтересованное лицо is more general and can substitute the other, and that is why it can be recommended as the translation of the term stakeholder.
Pure DT can be used to make all the semantic components of a term transparent. The form of a term cannot be shaped with the help of Calque because this construction cannot always be incorporated into the Russian system. Transcription and transliteration cannot be dismissed as irrelevant in this case; however, their use can lead to complete demotivation. These terms are not easily found in dictionaries, glossaries or language corpora, because they have a wide range of different forms. Term components can be created using generalization or concretization.
As a part of LSP, management terms should follow the requirements conventionally attributed to terms. We consider the term conciseness rule to be the most contradictory of all the restirctions. It is not only the guideline for all term formation methods, but also the least reliable one for term accuracy and transparency.
Pure DT. Concretization
Pure DT can not only generalize the meaning of a term, but can also make it specific, using explanatory elements.
In this case, the DT of a term, triggered by its content, focuses on the specific meaning of the term within the Corporate Governance terminology. For example, the term amicably meaning in a friendly way (see table 2) in LSP (Lingvo) was borrowed into Russian in the following form: по взаимному согласию, путем переговоров (IFC) (po vzaimnomu soglasiu, putem peregovorov, L.t.: according to mutual agreement; usingnegotiations). The English term amicable in the sphere of Corporate Governance has the following meaning: “having or marked by agreement in feeling or action” (Merriam-Webster). Accordingly, the semantic components “agreement” or “negotiations” are essential to describe the term meaning.
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