Dr. Carlos F. Márquez Linares Dr. Enrique F. Quero Gervilla Doctoral Programme in Languages, Texts and Contexts Faculty of Translation and Interpreting university of granada

Statistics and Results

This research focuses on the incorporation of Descriptive Translation into the coinage of neonyms in specialized languages, namely in the sphere of Corporate Governance. Over the course of the study, the descriptive forms of the Russian terms belonging to this area were analyzed regarding their vitality and practical usage.

Chart 1. Term formation methods in Russian in the field of

Corporate Governance
Direct loan. Transcription
Direct loan. Transliteration
Direct loan. Assimilated terms

Pure Calque
Calque based on Direct loan
Calque. Constructions with prepositions

Calque with notes
Direct Translation Equivalent
Descriptive Translation

Chart 1 reveals the main methods of term creation in the sphere of Corporate Governance, which have been analyzed in the Theoretical Part (A. 3. “Term Formation”): Calque, Descriptive Translation, Direct Loan and Direct Translation Equivalent. The classification was based on a total of 839 terms retrieved from codified resources (IFC; UN; UN-1; UNTERM; UNCITRAL;

UNCITRAL-1; OECD and OECD-1). Over the course of the analysis, specific subgroups of Calque and Direct Loan have been revealed:

• 
  Calque: Pure Calque; Сalque based on Direct Loan; Сalque. Constructions with Prepositions and Calque with notes;
  
• 
  Direct Loan: Transcription, Transliteration and Assimilated Terms.
  

The Calque group proves to be the most frequent (60%): Pure Calque (41 %), Calque based on Direct Loan (10 %), Calque and constructions with prepositions (5%) and Calque with notes (4 %).

This group is followed by Descriptive Translation (24 %), which surpasses the Direct Translation Equivalent group (11 %).

The most rarely used method is Direct Loan (5 %): Direct Loan. Assimilated Terms (3 %); Transliteration (1 %) and Transcription (1 %). Direct Loan has proven to be infrequent due to Corporate Governance being based on the whole spheres of Business and Management, which makes that Direct Loan forms are not coined but borrowed from that sphere. Nevertheless, the basic Direct Loan forms were differentiated in order to mark the presence and potential importance of this method. Other term forms containing Direct Loan forms and Calque elements were placed into the group, Calque based on Direct Loan.

The Calque and constructions with prepositions method and Calque with notes were differentiated because the term forms which they generate are very similar to descriptive ones and border on the Descriptive Translation and Calque group (see below). In certain situation, these terms can be considered as belonging to any of these groups.

It is important to note that some English terms had several Russian equivalents in the codified resources. This especially concerns Descriptive Translation accompanying Calque or Direct Loan. This indicates that the field of Corporate Governance is on its way to harmonization and innovative term forms. In this case, the preference in the classification was given to Descriptive forms over Calque and Direct Loan. The existence of Calque, Direct Equivalent or Direct Loan forms along with Descriptive Translation reveals that an innovative

term form is not considered as the full-fledged and absolute equivalent for an English term. The competitiveness of Calque, Direct Loan and Direct Translation Equivalents was revealed in Chart 3, which focuses on the preferable and recommended translation for each English term