DaskvniTi gamocdis sakiTxebi sagani – ekologia da turizmi

gidis SerCeva da muSaoba stumrebTan;

turis formirebis Zalze mniSvnelovani etapia gidi-gamcileblis SerCeva; pirvel rigSi man unda icodes marSruti da iZleodes jgufis usafrTxoebis garantias marSrutze. gidi unda iyos komunikabeluri da kargi fsiqologi, unda SeeZlos jgufis ganwyobis aRqma. es gidis profesiuli Cvevebia. misTvis mniSvnelovania hqondes kargi damokidebuleba adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan, ucxoeli turistis Tanxlebisas Seasrulos Tarjimnis rolic. man unda icodes adgilobrivi mosaxleobis kultura da iyos kargi mTxrobeli, eqskursiamZRoli.

evropis mraval qveyanaSi samTo gidi-gamcilebelni valdebulini arian serTifikatis misaRebad daamTavron saswavli kursebi, gidebis skola da Caabaron saxelmwifo gamocda ucxo enebis, raionis florisa da faunis, klimatis, geologiis codnaze. maT unda SeeZloT pirveli samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCena, unda SeeZloT sxvadasxva formis dabrkolebaTa gadalaxva. erT gidze turistebis raodenoba ganisazRvreba marSrutis sirTulisagan damokidebulebiT; treking turebSi is SeiZleba iyos 5-dan 20 kacamde, saTavgadasavlo turizmSi - erT gidze erTi turisti, saSualod ki 1 – 5, bunebis istoriis turebSi – 1 -10-dan 1 – 20-mde, bunebriv rezervatebSi – 1-8.

gidis mier jgufis momsaxureba iwyeba gacilebiT adre, vidre is Sexvdeba Tavis turistebs. pirvel rigSi dajavSnis furclidan miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze man unda gaanalizos jgufis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqtura, erovneba da turistebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba. es saSualebas miscems gids gaerkves stumrebis fizikur SesaZleblobaSi, maT kulturul da kulinarul moTxovnilebebSi. SesaZlebelia zogierTi turistis dabadebis dRe mogzaurobis vadas daemTxves, milocva da mcire saCuqari keTilad amaxsovrdeba turists da karg imijs uqmnis turfirmas. igive exeba mogzaurobaze patara samaxsovro suvenirebs: kepi, maisuri firmis simboloTi, samkerde niSnebi da sxva.

aeroportSi jgufTan Sexvedramde aucilebelia gidma SeaTanxmos turistebis gadayvanis programa avtobusis mZRolTan, moamzados samkerde niSani, romelzec ingliur an sxva Sesabamis enaze ewereba turoperatoris gvari da saxeli. stumrebis Camosvlis da yvela formalobis gavlis Semdeg gidma unda Sekribos mTeli jgufi, warudges maT, miulocos Camosvla da madloba gadauxados turfirmis arCevisaTvis. Semdeg siis amokiTxviT darwmundes, rom jgufis yvela wevri saxezea da daexmaros maT bargis miRebaSi. avtobusSi Casxdomis Semdeg aucilebelia gidma turistebs Seaxsenos qveyanaSi qcevis usafrTxoebis ZiriTadi wesebi. sazRvargareTuli jgufisTvis sakmarisia momzaddes filmi qveynis, mogzaurobis regionis Sesaxeb informaciiT im qveynis enaze, sadac Camovidnen turistebi. misi mosmenis Semdeg gidi pasuxobs kiTxvebs. gaCerebebisa da maRaziebis monaxulebisas gidma unda SesTavazos daxmareba turistebs sayidlebis SerCevasa da angariSsworebaSi. gidma jgufi unda gaafrTxilos ra dro eZlevaT sayidlebze (maRaziaSi) yofnisTvis.

sastumroSi misvlisas erT-erTi gamcilebeli iwyebs stumrebis ganTavsebas, meore ki – maTi tvirTis gadatanas da mZRolTan angariSsworebas. gidma unda icodes sad da visTan icxovroben turistebi, agreTve turistebma unda icodnen sad SeiZleba gidis naxva nebismier dros. aucilebelia stumrebs aCvenos baris, restornis, tualetis da a.S. adgilmdebareoba. Camosvlis dRes, vaxSmis Semdeg miRebulia gidis jgufTan “gacnobis saRamos’’ organizeba. turistebi ufro axlos gaecnobian gids, gidma SeiZleba dausvas stumrebs kiTxvebi maTi gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. Semdeg unda gaacnos turis programa; sasurvelia micemul iqnas rCeva marSrutze tansacmlis, fexsacmlis Sesaxeb, aRWurvilobis SerCevaze; yuradRebis koncentracia unda moaxdinos diliT Sekrebis adgilze da droze; unda Seaxsenos iseTi wvrilmanebic ki, rogoricaa mzisgan damcavi kremi da saTvaleebi, Termosi sasmeliT da sxva.

rogorc wesi, gidis samuSao dRe grZeldeba eqvsidan ocdasam saaTamde. mas mihyavs jgufi marSrutze, akontrolebs TiToeuli turistis yofaqcevas, organizebas ukeTebs kvebas da dasvenebas, mouTxrobs raionis bunebaze, istoriaze da kulturaze, urTierTobs adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan, Semxvedr turistul jgufTan, ecnoba amindis prognozs da asrulebs bevr sxva wvrilman saqmianobas.

gidis profesia mZime, damRleli da pasuxsagebia, magram amave dros saintereso, mniSvnelovani da saWiroa, radganac saSualebas aZlevs turistebs ara marto daisvenon, aRidginon Zalebi, aramed gaifarTovon TvalTaxedva, miiRon axali Cvevebi, zogjer ki gadalaxon fsiqologiuri diskomforti.

17. 
    wylis menejmenti. narCenebis menejmenti. mdgradi teqnologiebis SerCeva;
    

wylis resursebs eniWeba udidesi mniSvneloba rogorc adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, ise Camosuli ekoturistebisaTvis. mraval qveyanaSi Seqmnilia mtknari wylis deficiti, radgan SeiniSneba misi wyaroebis TandaTanobiTi degradacia da dabinZurebis mateba. wylis obieqtebi binZurdeba arasakmarisad gawmendili Camdinare wylebiT da samrewvelo narCenebiT da sxv. amitom arsebobs garemos dacviTi specialuri samsaxurebi, romlebic adgenen wylis xarisxis standartebs da atareben mTel rig RonisZiebebs wylis resursebis marTvisaTvis.

CvenTvis cnobilia: municipaluri myari narCenebi, samrewvelo narCenebi da komerciuli narCenebi; samedicino narCenebi, samTo, sasoflo-sameurneo, saporto, samSeneblo, radiaqtiuri narCenebi da sxv. unda xdebodes am narCenebis dagrovebis adgilebidan maTi transportireba, ganTavseba, damuSaveba, kompostireba SesaZlo utilizaciisaTvis. narCenebis mimarT sifrTxilis gamoCeniT, maTi garemoSi gafantvis minimizaciiT miRweuli iqneba garemos mdgradi wonasworuli mdgomareobis SenarCuneba.

narCenebis problema gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia roca saqme gvaqvs ekoturizmTan, maRal ekologiur SegnebasTan. ekoturistul raionebSi satransporto saSualebebis gadaWarbebulma gamoyenebam SesaZlebelia normaze metad daabinZuros haeri. arasworad ganlagebam da zedmetad TvalSisacemma reklamam SeiZleba gaauaresos landSaftis esTetikuri mxare da moSalos ekoturistisaTvis saintereso ulamazesi xedebi da a.S.

negatiuri gavlenis Tavidan asacileblad, ekoturistuli saqmianobis dros, sasurvelia; sakvebis momzadebisas bunebrivi airis an benzinis momWirned gamoyeneba; qarsacavi da siTboamreklavi ekranebis mowyoba da a.S. xmareba. kvebis damTavrebis Semdeg aucilebelia WurWlis gasufTaveba sakvebi narCenebisagan, rac gamoricxavs WurWlis garecxvis dros wylis dabinZurebas. WurWlis sarecxi saSualebebi ar unda Seicavdes fosfors (an mcire raodenobiT). WurWlisa da TeTreulis garecxva unda moxdes uaxloesi obieqtidan aranakleb 50 m-is daSorebiT. WuWyiani wyali davasxaT miwaze, raTa niadagSi gaifiltros.

mTian raionebSi saWiroa fanjris ormagi CarCoebis gamoyeneba. fanjrebi da karebebi ganlagebuli unda iyos qaris mimarTulebiT. SenobaTa gasanaTeblad yvelaze gamosadegia flourescentuli naTurebi, romlebic dasamuxt batereebze muSaoben. korpusebsa da saxlebSi unda moveridoT yvela oTaxis erTdroul gaTbobas. ukeTesia izolirebuli gaTbobebis, Termostatebis, gaTbobis taimerebis xmareba.

savele pirobebSi ekoturistTa yvelaze usiamovno aspeqts warmoadgens tualetebi. aucilebelia tualeti moewyos wylis uaxloesi obieqtidan 100 m-is moSorebiT, aranakleb 15 sm-is siRrmeze. sadac SesaZlebelia daifaros qvebiT. sapirfareSo ormoebi unda amoiTxaros iq sadac miwisqveSa wylebi did siRrmeze miedineba. ar SeiZleba aseTi ormoebis mowyoba wylis maxloblad an damreci reliefis pirobebSi. gasaTvaliswinebelia qaris mimarTulebac.

ekoturistebis banaobaze ixarjeba momaragebuli wylis TiTqmis naxevari. saSxape oTaxebi saWiroebs Tboizolacias. Tu nabani wyali uSualod wyalsatevSi Caedineba, maSin sapnisa da Sampunis xmareba dauSvebelia. dabinZurebuli wyali wyalsatevidan 50 m-is daSorebiT unda davasxaT miwaze. farTod unda gamoviyenoT sazafxulo Sxapebi. muq ferad SeRebil bakebSi Casxmul wyals aTbobs mzis sxivebi.

narCenebis utilizaciisaTvis aucilebelia mdgradi teqnologiebis SerCeva. mcenareuli sakvebis narCenebis utilizebas axdens TviT buneba. dauSvebelia cximebis moxvedra gaumdinare wyalsatevebSi.

yvelaze Znelia minis, plastmasis da liTonis nakeTobaTa utilizacia, radgan es masalebi mdgradia bunebis zemoqmedebis mimarT. minis utilizacia bunebis mier praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. plastmasac da minac mdgradi narCenebia, romlebic eqvemdebareba mxolod evakuirebas. amitom mizanSewonilia qaRaldisa da muyaos SesafuTi masalis gamoyeneba. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba plastmasis dawva, am dros gamoiyofa mavne aqroladi nivTierebebi – karcenogenebi, romlebic iwveven organizmSi avTvisebiani simsivnis ganviTarebas.

unda dainergos damzogavi da ekologiurad sufTa ekoturistuli sagzao da sxva satransporto sistemebi; ar unda dairRves gamtarunarianobis principi; kempingebis zonaSi ekoturistebs aekrZalos xeebis moWra; fexiT siarulisas mcenarisa da cxovelebis iSviaTi saxeobebis Segroveba; nadiroba da Tevzaobc ki nebadarTuli iqnas kontrolirebadi pirobebis dros.

sazRvao zonebSi gatardes saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxeobis kontroli: operaciebi, rac dakavSirebulia gemebis korpusis dasufTavebasTan; fskerze rifebis mqone wylebSi Ruzebis gamoyeneba da a.S.

sanapiro zonis integrirebuli marTva (szim) warmoadgens farTod aRiarebul samenejmento instruments, mimarTuls ganviTarebisa da garemos dacvis procesebis integrirebisaken. sanapiro zonaSi ganixileba: 1.sazRvao qvesistema; 2.sanapiros qvesistema; 3.xmeleTis qvesistema.

1.sazRvao qvesistema warmoadgens napirTan mimdebare zRvis im nawils, sadac saxmeleTo procesebi da miwis resursebis moxmarebis saxeebi uSualo zegavlenas axdenen sazRvao procesebsa da moxmarebis saxeebze.

2.sanapiros qvesistema warmoadgens SedarebiT viwro da dinamiur gardamaval zonas sazRvao da saxmeleTo qvesistemebs Soris.

3.xmeleTis qvesistema warmoadgens zRvis siaxloves ganlagebul im teritoriebis erTobliobas, sadac sazRvao procesebi da moxmarebis saxeebi uSualo zegavlenas axdenen saxmeleTo procesebsa da miwis resursebis moxmarebis saxeebze.

sanapiro zona metad faqizia antropogenuli zemoqmedebis mimarT. warmoiqmneba rigi problemebi: navTobis daRvra, Tevzis maragis Semcireba, sanapiros wylis xarisxis gauareseba narCenebis ganTavsebis Sedegad da a.S.

ekoturizmSi sworad warmarTuli menejmenti, marketingi, promouSeni da monitoringi ganapirobebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebas, konfliqturi situaciebis warmoSobis albaTobis moxsnas da garemoze negatiuri zemoqmedebis minimizacias. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT unda xdebodes Sesabamisi ekoturis dagegmva, daproeqteba, marketingi, promouSeni, arqiteqtoruli Taviseburebebis da dizainis srulyofa.

18. 
    bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba (gzS);
    

Cven ukve vTqviT, rom abioturi, bioturi Tu antropogenuli garemos cvla SeiZleba SevafasoT zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli zianiT. garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefaseba (gzS) pirvelad daiwyo aSS-Si 1969 wels, Semdeg kanadaSi 1973 w., avstraliaSi 1974 w., axal zelandiaSi 1974 w., safrangeTSi 1975 wels. 1985 wlidan ki gzS-s awarmoebdnen evrogaerTianebis qveynebi da yofili ssrk-s respublikebi.

gzS-s procesi Sedgeba Semdegi safexurebisagan:

1. skriningi (winaswari Sefaseba).

2. skopingi (mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebaTa gansazRvra).

3. gzS-s procesis Catarebis dawyeba.

4. gzS-s angariSis momzadeba. (mzaddeba informaciuli dokumenti).

5. gzS-s angariSis ganxilva.

6. konsultaciebi da sazogadoebis monawileoba.

7. konsultaciebis Sedegebis sinTezi.

8. gadawyvetilebis miReba.

9. monitoringi da auditi (monitoringi warmoadgens saqmianobebs, romlebic agroveben garemos qimiur, fizikur, geologiur, biologiur da socialur monacemebs. procesis ZiriTadi moTxovnaa, rom monitoringma fokusireba moaxdinos garemoze mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebaze. auditi exeba Sedarebas nawinaswarmetyvel zemoqmedebaTa da im zemoqmedebaTa Soris, romlebic warmoiSvnen proeqtis ganviTarebis Semdeg).

mTlianobaSi gzS-s procesi wriulia. yvela procedura moqmedebs saxelmwifos politikis, kanonmdeblobis da administraciis farglebSi. sworad Catarebuli gzS-s procesi:

• 
  iwyeba adre dagegmarebis safexurze;
  
• 
  fokusirebulia mTavar zemoqmedebaze;
  
• 
  grZeldeba proeqtis mTeli arsebobis manZilze;
  
• 
  did yuradRebas uTmobs sazogadoebis monawileobas.
  

19. 
    ekoturis formirebis winapirobebi;
    

turbiznesSi warumateblobis 6 ZiriTad mizezs asaxeleben:

1. problemebi finansur menejmentSi;

2. bazris da firmis sagareo garemos, arastabiluroba, inflacia;

3. naklovanebebi aRricxvaSi;

4. problemebi marketingSi;

5. problemebi adamianuri resursebis marTvaSi;

6. sagareo konsultaciebis araswori gamoyeneba.

moTxovnilebebi, romlebic waeyeneba proeqtirebad ekoturistul momsaxurebas aris orgvari – aucilebeli da rekomendebuli. aucilebels miekuTvneba: sicocxlis usafrTxoebis, ekoturistebis janmrTelobis, maTi qonebis da garemomcveli garemos dacvis moTxovnileba. rekomendebuli moTxovnebia: mizanTan Sesabamisoba, sizuste da drouli Sesruleba, kompleqsuroba, momsaxurebis eTikuroba, komfortuloba, esTeturoba, ergonomiuloba.

mizanTan Sesabamisoba – momsaxureba unda pasuxobdes momxmareblis molodinsa da fizikur SesaZleblobebs. turoperatorma unda Seadginos ekoturistebis fizikuri momzadebis Sesaxeb moTxovnaTa sia.

sizuste da drouli Sesruleba – SeTavazebuli momsaxureba moculobiT da vadebiT unda asaxavdes xelSekrulebas, programas, sagzursa Tu vauCerSi wardgenil pirobebs. es niSnavs, rom transporti, sakvebi ekoturistebs unda miewodoT droulad momsaxurebis klasis gaTvaliswinebiT. sastumro unda iyos xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli kategoriis. eqskursiebi sruli moculobiT unda tardebodes.

kompleqsuroba – SeTavazebuli momsaxureba ar unda gamoricxavdes SesaZlo sxva momsaxurebis miRebas.

momsaxurebis eTikuroba – ekoturistis mimarT garantirebuli unda iyos zrdilobiani, keTilmosurne, komunikabeluri damokidebuleba.

komfortuloba – turiznis nebismieri saxe, eqstremaluric ki upirveles yovlisa dasvenebaa. xolo dasveneba, Tundac minimaluri mainc komfortis pirobebSi xerxdeba.

ergonomiuloba – turistisaTvis SeTavazebuli aRWurviloba eqspluataciis dros unda Seesabamebodes maT SesaZleblobebs. fexsacmeli, tansacmeli, saZile tomrebi, zurgCanTebi unda iyos turistis zomebisa da misi fizikuri konstituciis Sesabamisi.

saproeqto dokumentacia unda efuZnebodes turistuli bazris moTxovnaTa kvlevis, turistTa momsaxurebis teqnologiis aRweris, usafrTxoebis moTxovnis, garemos dacvis safuZvlebs.

marketinguli kvlevis turistuli moTxovnilebis struqtura Semdegia:

1. Sesavali, sadc fuZndeba momavalSi turistul moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis segmentireba.

2. segmentis daxasiaTeba, romelSic CarTulia aRweriloba;

3. segmentireba geodemografiuli niSnis mixedviT;

4. segmentireba socialur-ekonomikuri niSnebis mixedviT;

5. segmentireba fsiqologiur-qceviTi niSnebis mixedviT;

6. daskvna, romelic Seicavs turistuli momsaxurebis Semadgenlebs.

proeqtirebis safuZvels warmoadgens agreTve turistebis momsaxurebis verbaluri modeli, romelic moicavs turistebis momsaxurebis teqnologiebis gansazRvras da aRweras, usafrTxoebas.

turis proeqtirebis Sedegs warmoadgens sworad da srulad Sevsebuli:

1. turistuli mogzaurobis teqnologiuri ruka;

2. turistul momsaxurebaTa mimwodebel sawarmoTa datvirTvis grafiki;

3. sainformaciuli furceli turistuli sagzurisadmi;

4. turistebis momsaxurebis programa.

dasasrul, aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnas momsaxurebis xarisxis kontrolis meTodebi. praqtikaSi gavrcelebulia vizualuri meTodebi, analitikuri meTodebi da sociologiuri meTodebi.

20. 
    ekoturizmis ganviTarebis ekologiuri da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi;
    

planeta dedamiwa gamorCeulia Cvens galaqtikaSi imiT, rom mas gaaCnia biosfero. boisfero aris sicocxlis gavrcelebis are dedamiwaze e.i. dedamiwaze mcxovreb organizmTa erToblioba, romelic gansaxlebulia biosferos Semdeg garsebSi: liTosfero, hidrosfero, troposfero, atmosfero, stratosfero, ionosfero da amJamad ukve noosfero. sicocxlis formebi gavrcelebulia ekvatoridan CrdiloeT da samxreT polusebamde; subekvatorul, tropikul, subtropikul, zomier, subarqtikul, arqtikul, subantarqtikul da antarqtikul geografiul sartylebSi. sicocxle gvxvdeba wyalSi, niadagSi da atmosferoSi.

dedamiwaze sicocxlis warmoSoba da ganviTareba milionobiT wlebs moicavs, geoqronologiurad es aris Semdegi erebi: arqauli, proterozouli, palenozouri, mezozouri da kainozouri. erebi Tavis mxriv periodebad aris dayofili. am erebisa da periodebis ganmavlobaSi “bunebrivi strategiis’’ CarCoebSi, evoluciis mamoZravebeli Zalebis: cvalebadobis, memkvidreobiTobisa da bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT xdeboda saxeobaTa warmoqmna da SeguebulTa gadarCena. evoluciis procesSi saxeobrivad Zalian biomravalferovani gaxda flora, fauna, mikroorganizmebi, virusebi.

kainozouri eris antropogenul periodSi dedamiwaze ukve saxlobs Homo Sapiens - (gonieri adamiani). dedamiwaze ukve arseboben mTavari biomebi: tundra, wiwvovani tyeebi, foTlovani tyeebi, udabnoebi da sxv. ukve formirebulia mcenareTa vertikaluri zonaloba: tropikuli, zomieri, alpuri, polaruli. gamoikveTa siTburi sartylebi.

gansxvavebulia hava: TiTqmis unaleqo zona, subtropikuli zona, zomieri havis zona, subpolaruli, polaruli zona.

gansxvavebulia zonebi atmosferuli naleqebis moxedviT: notio tropikuli; mSrali zona; teniani; civi mwirnaleqiani. ekvatoridan polusebidan naleqebi mcirdeba.

gansxvavebulia zoogeografiuli olqebi: neoarqtikuli, palearqtikuli, neotropikuli, eTiopiuri olqi, aRmosavleTis, avstraliuri olqi.

kainozouri eris antropogenuli periodisaTvis planetis kontinentebze, okeaneebSi, zRvebsa da mdinareebSi sxvadasxva simWidroviT aris dasaxlebuli florisa da faunis saxeobaTa udidesi mravalferovneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianis gamoCenamde aracocxali da cocxali garemo harmoniulad viTardeboda. ra Tqma unda adgili hqonda bunebriv kataklizmebsac, magram evolucia grZeldeboda mudmivi mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTkavSiriT, urTierTgavleniT, energiisa da nivTierebis wrebrunviT. rac ganapirobebda biocenozebis, hidrocenozebis, biogenocenozebis, ekosistemebis da mTlianad dedamiwis biosferos homeostazs anu mdgrad wonasworul mdgomareobas.

adamianis planetaze gansaxlebam (oikumena), civilizaciis tempebma, teqnikurma progresma, eleqtronul-gamomTvleli xelsawyo-danadgarebis da sainformacio saSualebebis srulyofam uzrunvelyo adamiani garkveuli komfortiT, garemomcveli bunebis silamazis SecnobiT da tkbobiT, magram amave dros kacobriobis ricxovnobis zrdam, gazarda moTxovnileba bunebriv resursebze, maTi mopovebis teqnologiebis Seqmnasa da gamoyenebaze. bunebrivi resursebia: miwis, wylis, tyis, mineraluri energetikuli da sxva resursebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gamolevadobis mixedviT arsebobs gamolevadi (ganaxlebadi, araganaxlebadi da SefardebiT ganaxlebadi) da gamoulevadi (kosmosuri, klimaturi da wylis) resursebi. ganaxlebadi resursebia: mcenareuloba, cxovelTa samyaro da zogierTi mineraluri resursebi, mag. marilebi. SefardebiT ganaxlebadi bunebrivi resursebia: niadagi, mcenareebi, tyeebi. arsebobs agreTve Canacvlebadi bunebrivi resursebi, romlebic an sul ar aRdgebian an aRdgebian imdenad nela, rom adamianis mier maTi gamoyenebis albaToba savaraudoa. maT miekuTvneba sasargeblo wiaRiseuli. mniSvnelovania mineraluri resursebi, maT miekuTvneba metalebisa da metaloidebis madnebi, navTobi, gazi, qvanaxSiri, miwisqveSa wylebi, marilebi, fosforitebi, Tixa, qviSa. wylis resursebia- okeaneebi, zRvebi, tbebi, mdinareebi da a.S. klimaturi resursebia: atmosferuli haeri, qaris energia, atmosferuli naleqebi, wylis resursebi. umniSvnelovanesia ganaxlebadi da araganaxlebadi energetikuli resursebi.

yvela am resurss dabinZurebisgan dacva, yairaTiani xarjva da gafrTxileba esaWiroeba.

adamiani gonebrivi arsebaa, is ver dakmayofildeba mxolod bunebrivi fiziologiuri da yofiTi moTxovnilebebis uzrunvelyofiT. mas esaWiroeba zneobrivi, esTetiuri, sarwmunoebrivi, filosofiuri da politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri, vizualuri da samecniero-SemecnebiTi gonebrivi sazrdo. am mxriv uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs saerTaSoriso turizms da gansakuTrebiT ki ekoturizms.

Cvens planetaze saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebul biosferos, mis yovel Semadgenels dacva da gafrTxileba sWirdeba. gansakuTrebiT dacva da gafrTxileba sWirdeba evoluciis gvirgvins _ adamiansE- kacobriobas, rameTu dairRva biosferos mdgradi wonasworoba, upirvelesad kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba TviT kacobriobisBASemdgomi arsebobis albaTobac. amitom unda gavufrTxildeT garemomcvel aracocxal da cocxal samyaros. amitom Seiqmna “wiTeli wignebi’’, amitom Seiqmna uamravi garemosdacviTi organizaciebi: gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero ,UN ): gaeros garemosdacviTi programa (UNEP); evrogaerTianeba (EU); evropis garemosdacviTi saagento; Savi zRvis garemosdacviTi programa (biseki, BSEC); damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba (dsT); da sxv. agreTve ewyoba saerTaSoriso samitebi, ideba xelSekrulebebi – globaluri da regionuli. tardeba simpoziumebi, konferenciebi.

Seqmnilia ekologiuri samarTlis safeZvlebi, romlebic Seicaven bunebis dacvisa da bunebaTsargeblobis principebis, wesebis, maTi darRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis zomebis damdgen, garemos dacvisa da bunebaTsargeblobis sferoSi saxelmwifos saqmianobis, bunebaTmosargebelTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis ganmsazRvrel ekologiur-samarTlebriv normebs. standartebis darRvevisaTvis, iseve rogorc samarTlebrivi normebis darRvevis dros, dadgenilia iuridiuli pasuxismgebloba. saqarTveloSi 1997 wlis kanoniT gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertizis Catarebis wesi, romlis mixedviT kanonis me-4 muxliT saqmianobaze nebarTvis gasacemad saxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertizis Catarebis ufleba aqvT saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros, mis centralur, avtonomiur, regionalur da adgilobriv organoebs. agreTve miRebulia kanonebi ZiriTad garemosdacviT problemebTan dakavSirebiT: wylis resursebi; atmosferuli haeri da aS.

kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia “wiTel nusxaSi’’ Setanili, safrTxis winaSe myofi, veluri mcenaris an gareuli cxovelis adgilsamyofelis moSla; ukanono nadiroba. kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia nadirobis vadebi.

kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrulia mogzaurobis dros turistTa da ekoturistTa usafrTxoebis dacva, rac niSnavs turistTa pirad usafrTxoebas, maTi qonebis dacvisa da bunebrivi garemos dauzaraleblobas. piradi usafrTxoeba turizmSi ganixileba, rogorc turistis ufleba, maT Soris momxmarebluric. turistTa safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad Seqmnilia sagamyolo-samaSvelo skolebi, romlebic amzadeben gamyolebs, reinjerebsa da maSvelebs. ekoturizmSi metia riskebi. riskis wyaroebia: tramva, xanZari, garemos uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba, fsiqologiuri da biologiuri zemoqmedeba da datvirTvebi. riskis qimiuri faqtorebia: toqsikuri, gamaRizianebeli, masensibilizebeli nivTierebebi.

mavne nivTierebaTa, mtvrisa da gamonabolqvis momatebuli done haerSi, sadac turistebis momsaxurebis zona, nagebobebi da satransporto saSualebebia kanoniT unda daregulirdes, raTa daculi iqnas sanitarul-higienuri normebi. msoflio turistuli organizacia UNWTO udides mniSvnelobas aniWebs turizmSi usafrTxoebis dacvas. amisaTvis aucilebelia Seiqmnas turistuli policiisa da usafrTxoebis samsaxuri, romlis mizani iqneba:

1. ekoturistebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dacva;

2. ekoturistuli sacxovrisis usafrTxoebis Semowmeba;

3. saswrafo daxmarebis kavSiris muSaobis organizeba;

4. ekoturistebisagan saCivris miReba;

5. garemosa da kulturuli Zeglebis dacva;

6. brZola narkomaniasa da prostituciasTan da sxv.

mogzaurobis usafrTxoebisa da turistebis dacvis sakiTxebi mocemulia turizmis qartiasa da turistis kodeqsSi.

ekoturizmi gansakuTrebiT aris motivirebuli veluri bunebis dacvisa daDSenarCunebisaTvis. maRalia ekoturistebis ekologiuri Segneba. unda amaRldes mosaxleobis yofiTi ekologiuri Segneba msoflios veluri bunebis fondis (WWF – World Wildlife Fund) specialuri ekologiuri sawavlo programebis Sesabamisad. dacul unda iqnas kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli garemosdacviTi yvela moTxovna.

21. 
    promouSenis strategia;
    

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi turistul bazarze aRiniSneba msxvili firmebis wilis Semcireba da mcire da saSualo turoperatorebis gaaqtiureba. gaZlierda turistuli miwodebis specializaciisa da individualizaciis tendencia, rogorc mcire da saSualo, aseve msxvil firmebs Soris. agresiuli konkurencia TandaTanobiT Seicvala kooperaciisa da momxmareblis miznobrivi jgufebis miZebnis tendenciiT. gaCnda “firmis’’ da “sistemuri gayidvebis’’ marketinguli koncefciebi. turistuli momsaxurebis marketingi aris saqmianoba, turistuli produqtis realizaciis, klientis moTxovnis gamovlenisa da misi Sesabamisi momsaxurebiT dakmayofilebisaTvis. turistuli marketingi niSnavs sawarmoo procesisadmi kompleqsuri midgomisa da turistuli produqtis moculobis gazrdis mizniT aqtiur zemoqmedebas moTxovnaze. turizmis cnobili Sveicarieli mkvlevaris kripendorfis ganmartebiT - turistuli marketingi aris turistuli sawarmoebis saqmianobis sistematuri cvlileba da koordinacia, aseve turizmis sferoSi kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorebis politika. marketingi, romelic uzrunvelyofs vizitorebs samogzauro garemos mimarT sruli da naTeli informaciiT, turizmiT maTi interesis dakmayofilebis wina pirobaa. ekoturizmis warmatebiT ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiroa profesiuli marketinguli midgoma. TiToeuli daculi teritoriisaTvis unda ganisazRvros marketingisa da reklamis Sesabamisi meTodebi. rogorc gamyvani, aseve Semomyvani turoperatorebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos potenciuri turistebisaTvis gankuTvnili broSurebis da sxva sareklamo masalebSi ganTavsebuli informacia erovnuli parkebisa da daculi teritoriebis Sesaxeb. ekoturizmis moyvarulTaTvis 2-3 wliani marketinguli samuSaoebis Catarebic ki gaxdes saWiro, sanam misi datvirTva ar mogvcems danaxarjebis amoRebis saSualebas.

dacul teritoriebze profesiul doneze ganxorcielebisaTvi saWiroa ganisazRvros, ganviTardes da gaiyidos turistuli produqti. amisaTvis ekoturizmis pirvel rigSi unda ganisazRvros marketingis saerTo mizani. Semdeg saWiroa regionis turistuli potencialis detaluri analizi. aucilebelia ekoturizmis ganviTarebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi resursebis analizi, romelis Catarebis meTodi Sedgeba 10 safexurisgan: