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  drift velocity and current density



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

1.2.2 
drift velocity and current density
This steady charge distribution will produce steady electrostatic field everywhere inside the 
conducting substance. Free electrons inside the conductor get accelerated by this electrostatic force. 
The velocity as well as kinetic energy of free electrons would have reached high levels in the absence 
of any opposing force. However, there is an opposing force. This force arises out of collisions suffered 
by the accelerating electrons. The electrons collide with ionized atoms in the conducting substance 
inelastically and lose some of the kinetic energy they acquire under the action of electrostatic force. 
The average effect of multitude of collisions suffered by an electron accelerating under electrostatic 
force is similar to that of friction. Thus, the inelastic collisions that take place between accelerating 
free electrons and ionized metal atoms result in a non-electrostatic force that is similar to friction. 
The accelerating electrons pick up kinetic energy first since they are losing potential energy by falling 
through a voltage drop. The kinetic energy is subsequently delivered to the lattice through inelastic 
collisions (or equivalently, to the non-electrostatic force that is manifest within the conducting 
substance as an average effect of multitude of inelastic collisions).
The free electrons inside the conducting substance reach a steady velocity in the direction opposite 
to that of electrostatic force under the action of electrostatic force and the non-electrostatic force arising 
out of collisions. This is somewhat similar to an object reaching a terminal velocity when it falls through 
a viscous medium. The terminal velocity attained by a free electron inside a conducting substance is 
called drift velocity and is denoted by 
v
d
.
Experiments have revealed that this velocity is proportional 
to the electrostatic field intensity through a proportionality constant called mobility of the substance. 
Note that this is an average velocity that is super-imposed on the random thermal velocity of electrons.
Thus, the drift velocity of electrons at a point where the electrostatic field intensity is 
E
s

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