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  a voltagE SourcE wIth a rESIStancE connEctEd at ItS tErmInalS



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

1.2 
a voltagE SourcE wIth a rESIStancE connEctEd at ItS tErmInalS
A piece of conducting substance is now connected to a steady voltage source with a steady-state 
static charge distribution at its terminals as shown in Fig. 1.1-3. The resulting system is shown in 
Fig. 1.2-1.
1.2.1 
Steady-State charge distribution in the System
There was an electrostatic field due to the terminal charge distribution of the source in the space 
that is now occupied by the conducting substance. This field can change only if the terminal charge 
distributions change. Charges have to move and reach 
terminals in order to change the distribution there. That 
takes time. Therefore, the charge distribution at the 
terminals remains unaffected for a brief interval even 
after the conducting substance is connected across the 
source.
But this will result in large electrostatic forces on 
the free electrons in the metallic substance. These free 
electrons start migrating towards positive terminal (A) 
of the source and cancel the positive charge distribution 
there partially. Simultaneously, electrons are pulled 
from terminal B into conducting substance, thereby 
canceling the charge distribution in the negative terminal 
partially. But this change in the charge distribution 
will affect the balance between electrostatic force and
Fig. 1.2-1 

Steady-statewitha
resistanceconnected
acrossaDCvoltage
source
B
A

E
s

E
s

V
d

E
e
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1.8


CircuitVariablesandCircuitElements
non-electrostatic force inside the source. Now the non-electrostatic force will not be cancelled completely 
by the electrostatic force. The remnant non-electrostatic force will propel the free electrons present 
within the source towards the negative terminal (and an equal amount of positive charge gets propelled 
towards positive terminal). This will lead to a restoration of charge distribution at the terminals as well 
as creation of charge distribution on the surface of connecting wire and the conducting substance.
Soon a steady charge distribution is established as shown in Fig. 1.2-1. The non-electrostatic force 
and the electrostatic force at any point inside the source will cancel each other under this condition. 
[The conducting substance inside the source is assumed to have zero resistivity.] Therefore the terminal 
voltage V
AB
 will be equal to the electromotive force E of the source. The geometry of the system will 
decide the amount of positive and negative charges distributed on the terminal surface, wire surface 
and surface of the conductor. Once established, this charge distribution remains steady (in the case of 
a steady source) unless spatial arrangement is disturbed or the resistance is disconnected.

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