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   Electromotive Force and terminal voltage of a Steady Source



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

1.1.3 
 Electromotive Force and terminal voltage of a Steady Source
Consider an electrical source on open circuit as in
Fig. 1.1-3. A free charge located at a point inside the source 
will experience a non-electrostatic force as shown in the 
figure. This non-electrostatic force is expressed as a force field 
and the quantity 
E
e
represents this force field. Thus, the non-
electrostatic force experienced by a charge q located inside 
the source will be q
E
e
N where 
E
e
 
is the non-electrostatic 
field intensity vector. 
E
e
may not be constant in magnitude 
and direction everywhere inside the source. However, 
E
e
 
will not vary with time in the case of a steady source.
The source contains conducting material inside. 
Conductors contain free electrons. The free electrons in 
the conducting substance will tend to move from top to 
bottom (electrons have negative charge) under the influence of non-electrostatic force. The first few 
electrons that move so reach the bottom electrode (at B) and accumulate at that terminal. Electrons 
moving to B will cause an equal number of positive charges to appear at the terminal marked A. But 
then, such a separation of charges will result in generation of electrostatic field inside (as well as 
outside) the source. Thus, the remaining free electrons inside the source will experience two forces – a 
non-electrostatic force that tends to move them towards the lower electrode B and an electrostatic force 
that tends to move them towards the upper electrode A. The source reaches a steady-state soon. Under 
steady-state condition, the magnitude and spatial distribution of charges over the metallic electrodes 
at A and B are such that all the free electrons that are still within the source will experience zero net 
force and remain stationary (except for random thermal motion). Thus, the electrostatic field at a point 
inside will cancel the non-electrostatic field at that point under steady-state. The charge distribution 
at the terminals will arrange itself suitably such that this cancellation takes place at all points in the 
active region of source.
However, there is no non-electrostatic field outside the source. Therefore a test charge kept at a 
point outside the source will experience an electrostatic force.
Refer to Fig. 1.1-4. Let a unit test charge be 
carried from B to A through the path BOA – i.e., 
over a path that is outside the source. Some work 
has to be done for this. The required work will be 
positive since we are carrying a positive test charge 
from a negatively charged terminal to a positively 
charged terminal. The work that is required to be 
done is the voltage of A with respect to B – i.e., V
AB
.
However, the work required to carry a unit 
test charge in a closed path in electrostatic field 
is zero due to conservative nature of electrostatic 
forces. Therefore, the work to be done against the 
Fig. 1.1-3 

Asteadyelectrical
sourceunderopen-
circuitcondition

E
s

E
e
B
A
Fig. 1.1-4 

Pertainingtodefinitionof
e.m.f.andopencircuitvoltage
ofasource
A
B
I
O
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AVoltageSourcewithaResistanceConnectedatitsTerminals

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