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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar



1.5
point to another. Specifically, let V
1
and V
2
be the electric potentials at point-1 and point-2 in space. 
Then, the potential of point-1 with respect to the point-2 is V

-
V
2
volts and is equal to the work to 
be done in carrying a unit positive test charge from point-2 to point-1. This value is designated by V
12
and is read as ‘potential of 1 with respect to 2’ or as ‘potential difference between 1 and 2’. In Circuit 
Analysis, this electrostatic potential difference between two points is called the ‘voltage between 
point-1 and point-2’. The same symbol that was used to designate the potential difference is used to 
designate ‘voltage’ too. Thus,
V
ab
=
‘Voltage between points a and b’
=
Electrostatic Potential at a – Electrostatic Potential at b
=
Work to be done in moving a 
+
coulomb test charge from b to a
=

⋅ =



E x y z dl
E x y z dl
s
b
a
s
a
b
( , , )
( , , )
over any path between a and b.
Obviously, V
ba
 
=
 
-
V
ab
If V
ab
is a positive quantity, we state that there is a ‘potential rise’ or ‘voltage rise’ from b to a
Equivalently, we can state that, there is a ‘potential drop’ or ‘voltage drop’ from a to b. If V
ab
is a 
negative quantity, we state that, there is a ‘potential rise’ or ‘voltage rise’ from a to b. Equivalently, we 
can state that, there is a ‘potential drop’ or ‘voltage drop’ from b to a.
The work to be done in moving a unit positive test charge is positive when the charge is moved 
in a direction opposite to the direction of electrostatic field. Hence, the direction in which maximum 
voltage rise takes place will be opposite to the direction of electrostatic field at any point in space.
When a charge q is moved through a voltage rise, some non-electrostatic force has to work against 
the electrostatic force to effect the movement. The non-electrostatic force will do work on the charge 
in the process of moving it. This work done on the charge gets stored in the charge as increase in its 
potential energy. Hence, a charge q receives qV
ab
Joules of potential energy when it is carried from b 
to a. If V
ab
is positive – i.e., if there is a voltage rise from b to a – then, the potential energy level of 
charge q increases by qV
ab
Joules in moving from b to a .
If V
ab
is negative – i.e., if there is a voltage drop from b to a – then, the potential energy level of 
charge q decreases by q|V
ab
| Joules. The non-electrostatic force that maintains quasi-static condition 
during the movement of charge from b to a receives this energy.
Sustained and organised movement of charges through voltage rises and voltage drops in an 
electrostatic potential system is possible only if there are sources of non-electrostatic forces present 
in the electrical system. These non-electrostatic forces deliver and absorb the required amounts of 
energy to make movement of charges through voltage rises and voltage drops possible. Obviously, a 
non-electrostatic force can fulfil this role only if it has a component along the direction of motion of 
charge. A force that is always perpendicular to the velocity of a charge can not deliver energy to the 
charge or absorb energy from it. Magnetic force on a charge is always perpendicular to the velocity of 
the charge. Hence magnetic force can not be the non-electrostatic force that we want.
The induced electric force, a component of force of interaction between two charges in quasi-
static motion, can deliver energy to moving charges and absorb energy from them. Thus, the induced 
electric force can be a source of the required kind of non-electrostatic force in an electrical system.
Electrical sources are sources of non-electrostatic forces in an electrical system. Some of the 
sources make use of the induced electric force to generate the non-electrostatic force. A DC Generator, 
an AC Generator etc., are examples of this kind of sources. However, there are other sources of
non-electrostatic forces. A dry cell, for instance, converts the internal chemical potential energy into 
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1.6


CircuitVariablesandCircuitElements
a non-electrostatic force that acts on any charge carrier that transits through the conducting material 
inside the dry cell. We do not concern ourselves anymore with the exact nature of the non-electrostatic 
force available within an electrical source. It suffices for our purpose to understand that some non-
electrostatic force is available within the electrical source.

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