Forms of Group and Team Decision Making
The most common methods of group and team decision making are interacting groups,
Delphi groups, and nominal groups. Increasingly, these methods of group decision mak-
ing are being conducted online.
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Interacting Groups or Teams
Interacting groups or teams
are the most common
decision-making group. The format is simple—either an existing or a newly designated group
or team is asked to make a decision. Existing groups or teams might be functional departments,
regular work teams, or standing committees. Newly designated groups or teams can be ad hoc
committees, task forces, or newly constituted work teams. The group or team members talk
among themselves, argue, agree, form internal coalitions, and so forth. Finally, after some
period of deliberation, the group or team makes its decision. An advantage of this method is
that the interaction among people often sparks new ideas and promotes understanding. A
major disadvantage, though, is that political processes can play too big a role.
Delphi Groups
A
Delphi group
is sometimes used to arrive at a consensus of expert
opinion. Developed by the Rand Corporation, the Delphi procedure solicits input from a
panel of experts who contribute individually. Their opinions are combined and, in effect,
averaged. Assume, for example, that the problem is to establish an expected date for a
major technological breakthrough in converting coal into usable energy. The first step
in using the Delphi procedure is to obtain the cooperation of a panel of experts. For
this situation, experts might include various research scientists, university researchers,
and executives in a relevant energy industry. At first, the experts are asked to anony-
mously predict a time frame for the expected breakthrough. The persons coordinating
the Delphi group collect the responses, average them, and ask the experts for another
prediction. In this round, the experts who provided unusual or extreme predictions
may be asked to justify them. These explanations may then be relayed to the other
experts. When the predictions stabilize, the average prediction is taken to represent the
decision of the group of experts. The time, expense, and logistics of the Delphi technique
rule out its use for routine, everyday decisions, but it has been successfully used for fore-
casting technological breakthroughs at Boeing, market potential for new products at
GM, research and development patterns at Eli Lilly, and future economic conditions by
the U.S. government.
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Moreover, although the Delphi method originally relied on
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